Divorce , also known as dissolution of marriage , is the termination of marriage or union of marriage, the cancellation or reorganization of legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving marriage bonds between married couples in under the rule of law of a particular country or country. Legal divorce varies worldwide, but in most divorce states requires court sanctions or other authorities in the legal process, which may involve the issue of benefits (spousal support), child custody, visits/child access, nurturing time, support children, property distribution, and debt distribution. In most countries, monogamy is required by law, so divorce allows every former spouse to marry someone else; where polygamy is legal but polyandry is not, divorce allows women to marry others.
Divorce should not be confused with cancellation, stating that marriage is null and void, by separation of law or separation of de jure (legal process in which married couples can formalize de facto remain legally married) or with a de facto separation (the process in which the couple informally stops the kebo gathering). The reasons for divorce vary, ranging from sexual incompatibility or lack of freedom to one or both couples to personality clashes.
The only countries that do not allow divorce are the Philippines, Vatican City, and British Dependence of Sark. In the Philippines, divorce for non-Muslim Filipinos is illegal unless the husband or wife is a foreigner and meets certain requirements. The Vatican City is an ecclesiastical state, which has no divorce procedure. Countries that have recently legalized divorce are Italy (1970), Portugal (1975), Brazil (1977), Spain (1981), Argentina (1987), Paraguay (1991), Colombia (1991 *), Andorra (1995 ), Ireland (1996), Chile (2004) and Malta (2011).
Video Divorce
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The basis of divorce varies greatly from country to country. Marriage can be seen as a contract, status, or combination of these. If seen as a contract, the denial or the inability of one partner to perform the obligations set out in the contract may be the basis of divorce for another. In contrast, in some countries (such as Sweden, Finland, Australia, New Zealand), pure divorce is not a mistake. Many jurisdictions offer both a choice of divorce nothing wrong as well as divorce on error . This is the case, for example, in many US states (see Grounds for divorce (United States)).
Although divorce laws vary among jurisdictions, there are two basic approaches to divorce: error-based and not error-based. However, even in some jurisdictions that do not require parties to claim errors from their spouses, the court may still consider the behavior of the parties when dividing property, debt, evaluating custody, arrangement and support of joint care. In some jurisdictions, one partner may be forced to pay the cost of another partner's lawyer.
Laws vary for waiting periods before divorce is effective. Also, residence requirements vary. However, the issue of property division is usually determined by the law of the jurisdiction in which the property resides.
In Europe, divorce laws differ from country to country, reflecting differences in legal and cultural traditions. In some countries, in particular (but not only) in some previous communist states, divorce can be obtained on only one common basis of "irreversible details of marriage" (or similar formulations). However, what constitutes marital "destruction" is interpreted very differently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, ranging from very liberal (eg Dutch) to very limited liberal interpretations (eg, in Poland, there must be "an irreparable and complete disintegration of marital life , "but there are many restrictions to provide divorce). Separation is the basis of divorce in some European countries (in Germany, for example, divorce is granted on the basis of 1 year separation if both partners agree, or 3 years separation if only one person agrees). Note that "separation" does not necessarily mean a separate residence - in some jurisdictions, living in the same house but living a separate life (eg eating, sleeping, socializing, etc. separately) is enough to establish a de facto separation; this is explicitly stated, for example, in Latvian family law.
Legal divorce is not static; they often change reflect the social norms of a developing society. In the 21st century, many European countries have changed their divorce laws, in particular by reducing the length of the required separation period, for example, Scotland in 2006 (1 or 2 years from the previous 2 or 5 years); France in 2005 (2 years from the previous 6 years), Switzerland in 2005 (2 years from the previous 4 years), Greece in 2008 (two years from four previous years). Some countries have completely overhauled their divorce laws, such as Spain in 2005 and Portugal in 2008. The new divorce law also came into force in September 2007 in Belgium, creating a new system that is especially no harm. Bulgaria also modified its divorce rules in 2009. Also in Italy, the new law comes into force in 2014 and 2015 with significant changes in Italian law in the case of divorce: in addition to shortening the mandatory separation period (6 months or 1 year from the previous 3 years ), permitted other forms of divorce - as an alternative to litigation, ie negotiations with advocate participation or agreements made before the Registrar of the Public Records Office. Austria, on the other hand, is a European country where divorce laws are still conservative.
Liberalization of divorce law is not without resistance, especially in the United States. Indeed, in the US, certain conservative and religious organizations lobby law that limits divorce. In 2011, in the US, the Coalition for Divorce Reform was founded, describing itself as an organization "dedicated to supporting efforts to reduce unnecessary divorce and promote healthy marriage."
Maps Divorce
Legal
Type
In some jurisdictions, courts rarely apply the principles of error, but may be willing to hold a party responsible for fiduciary duty violations to their spouses (for example, see Family Code Sections 720 and 1100 of the California Family Code). Basic divorce differs from state to state in the US. Some states do not have the wrong divorce. some countries need a declaration of error on the part of one spouse or both; some countries allow both methods.
In most jurisdictions, divorce must be certified (or ordered by the Judge) by the court to take effect. Divorce requirements are usually determined by the court, although they may consider prenuptial agreements or post-marriage agreements, or simply ratify the requirement that the spouse may have personally approved (this is not true in the United States, where a marriage-related agreement should normally be made in writing applicable). In the absence of an agreement, a contested divorce may be a burden to the couple.
In some other countries, when a partner agrees to divorce and with the terms of a divorce, it can be certified by a non-judicial administrative entity. The effect of the divorce is that both parties are free to remarry if the filing in the court of appeal does not invalidate the decision.
Converted conversations
Divorce conversations mean that one of several issues must be heard by judges at the court level - this is more expensive, and the parties have to pay for the time and preparation of lawyers. In such divorce the couple is unable to agree on issues such as child custody and the division of marital assets. In such situations, the litigation process takes longer to conclude. The judge controls the outcome of his case. Less adversarial approaches to divorce settlements have recently emerged, such as mediation and collaborative divorce settlements, which negotiate mutually acceptable conflict resolution. This principle in the United States is called 'Alternative Dispute Resolution' and has gained popularity.
Divorce Fault
Before the late 1960s, almost all countries that allowed divorce needed proof by one side that the other party had taken an action that was inconsistent with marriage. This is called "the basis" for divorce (popularly called "mistake") and is the only way to end marriage. Most jurisdictions around the world still need evidence of such mistakes. In the United States, unfinished divorces are available in all 50 states, such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and other Western countries.
Divorce by mistake can be contested; evaluation of violations may involve allegations of party collusion (working together to obtain a divorce), or condonation (compromise), compromise (deceive someone for an offense), or provocation by another party. Conversational error conversations can be expensive, and usually not practical because eventually most divorces are given. Comparative appeal is a doctrine used to define a more guilty pair when both partners are guilty of offense.
The grounds of divorce in which one party may file and need to prove include 'defection,' 'abandonment,' 'cruelty', or 'adultery'. The requirement to prove a land was revised (and withdrawn) by the provisions of 'no-fault' laws, which became popular in many Western countries in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the 'no-fault' divorce jurisdiction can be obtained either on simple charges of 'irreconcilable differences', 'irrevrievable breakdowns', or 'incompatibility' with respect to marital relations, or on the basis of de facto span > separation.
Summary of divorce
Summary summary (or simple), available in some jurisdictions, is used when the couple meets certain eligibility requirements or can approve prior major issues.
Key factors:
- Short marriage duration (less than five years)
- There are no children (or, in some jurisdictions, previous allocations of parenting and the direction and number of child support)
- The absence or minimum value of the real property in question and any related charges such as mortgages
- The absence of an agreed upon property as a marriage above the specified value threshold (about $ 35,000 excluding vehicles)
- The absence, in connection with each pair, of a claim against a personal property above the given value threshold, is usually equal to the total marital property, with such claims including previous ownership claim claims described by another pair as marriage
No divorce errors
Some Western jurisdictions have an error-free divorce system, which does not require the allegation or evidence of one party's faults. The simplest statement is enough. For example, in countries where "irreversible damage" is required, the statement that a marriage has been decided will satisfy the court officer. In other jurisdictions that require irreconcilable differences, the mere assumption that marriage has been irreparable by these differences is enough to provide divorce. The court will not investigate the facts. "Yes" is enough, even if the other party loudly says "no".
Applications may be created by either party or by both parties together.
In jurisdictions that adopt the 'no-fault' principle of whether to divorce, some courts may still consider the parties' errors when determining some aspects of the content of the divorce decree. > eg , its provisions for the division of property and debt and existence and, if applicable, the amount of spousal support. The provisions relating to child custody are determined by using different basic standards, namely the best interests of children or children; while some behaviors that may be a marriage error (eg i , violence, cruelty, harm, negligence, or substance abuse) may also qualify as a factor to be considered when determining child custody, they do so for an independent reason that they provide evidence of what arrangements are in the best interests of children or children in the future. Dissatisfied divorce
It is estimated that over 95% of divorces in the US are "indisputable," as both parties can reach agreement (either with or without counsel/mediator/collaborative adviser) on property, children and support issues. When the parties can agree and present the court with a fair and equitable agreement, the agreement on divorce is almost guaranteed. If both parties can not reach an agreement, they can ask the court to decide how to divide the property and handle the custody of their children. While this may be necessary, the courts will prefer parties that reach agreement before entering the court.
If the problem is not complicated and the parties are cooperative, the settlement can often be negotiated directly between them. In most cases, the form is obtained from each state website and the cost of submission is paid to the state. Most US states charge between $ 175 and $ 350 for simple divorce submissions. Divorced divorce and divorce divorce are considered irrefutable divorces.
Due to additional requirements that must be met, most military divorces are usually undisputed.
In the United States, many state court systems are experiencing an increase in proportion of prostitutes (ie, litigants representing themselves without lawyers) in the case of divorce. In San Diego, for example, the number of divorce submissions involving at least one self-represented plaintiff increased from 46% in 1992 to 77% in 2000, and in Florida from 66% in 1999 to 73% in 2001. The city court in California reported that about 80% of new divorce filings are filed pro se.
Divorce collaborative
Collaborative divorce is a method to divorce a spouse to reach agreement on divorce issues. In collaborative divorce, the parties negotiate agreed resolutions with the help of lawyers trained in collaborative divorce proceedings and in mediation and often with the assistance of neutral finance specialists or divorce coaches. The parties are empowered to make their own decisions based on their own needs and interests, but with full information and full professional support.
After a collaborative divorce begins, the lawyers are disqualified from representing the parties in the contested legal process, should the collaborative legal process terminate prematurely. Most lawyers who practice collaborative divorce claims that it can be more cost-effective than other divorce methods, for example., will go to court. Costs, they say, should be seen under financial and emotional titles. In addition, collaborative work experience tends to improve communication between the parties, especially when collaborative coaches are involved, and the possibility of returning to court after separation or divorce is minimized. In the process of collaboration, if parties do not reach agreement, documents or information exchanged during the collaborative process can not be used in court unless through agreement between the parties.
None of the professional teams that can survive in the collaboration process are brought to justice. Basically, they have the same protection as in mediation. There are two exceptions: 1) Each letter attached in the course of collaboration and vouching documentation attached to the same and 2) a temporary agreement created and signed in a collaborative program or correspondence relating to it. The parties control their time ready to provide their collaboration. Some people take a lot of time to get it done, while others will come up with solutions in several meetings. Collaborative practitioners offer a strictly designed model with pre-scheduled meetings every two weeks, and the various items to be discussed are shared before applying and a more open process, the client decides.
Electronic divorce
Portugal, for example, allows two people to file electronic requests for an unfair collaborative divorce in non-judicial administrative entities. In certain cases, no children, real property, benefits, or public address, can be completed within one hour.
Mediated mediator
Divorce mediation is an alternative to traditional divorce litigation. In a mediation divorce session, a mediator facilitates discussions between the two parties by assisting communication and providing information and suggestions to help resolve differences. At the end of the mediation process, separating parties have specifically developed customized divorce agreements that may be brought to justice. The mediation sessions may include any party attorney, neutral attorney, or attorney mediator who can inform both parties about their legal rights, but does not advise either of them, or can be done with the help of a facilitative or transformative mediator without an attorney present at all. Some mediation companies, such as Wevorce, also pair clients with counselors, financial planners, and other professionals to work through mediation mediation points. Divorce mediators may be attorneys who have experience in divorce cases, or they may be professional mediators who are not lawyers, but who have specialized training in the field of family affairs. Divorce mediation can be significantly cheaper, both financially and emotionally, than litigation. The level of compliance with the mediated agreement is much higher than compliance with court orders. An article in the Jerusalem Post by Hadassah Fidler explains that mediated divorce has become much more popular, to the extent that some countries (like Israel) have implemented new laws that will require divorced couples to consider mediation before applying to court.
Polygamy and divorce
Polygamy is a significant structural factor governing divorce in countries where it is permitted. A little-to-no analysis has been completed to explicitly explain the relationship between marital instability and polygamy leading to divorce. The frequency of divorce increases in polygamous marriages compared to monogamous relationships. In polygamy unions, differences in the stability of a husband and wife are found to occur by the wife's order. There are 3 main mechanisms in which polygamy affects divorce: economic control, sexual satisfaction, and no children. Many women escape economic restraints for divorcing their spouses when they are allowed to start divorce.
Cause
An annual study in England by management consultant Grant Thornton, estimates the main cause of major divorce based on a marriage lawyer survey.
The main causes in 2004 were:
- Adultery; Sex out of wedlock; Infidelity - 27%
- Domestic violence - 17%
- Middle-aged crisis - 13%
- Addictions, such as alcoholism and gambling - 6%
- Workaholism - 6%
According to this survey, husbands are involved in an affair in 75% of cases; wife in 25%. In cases of family tension, the wife's family is the main source of stress in 78%, compared with 22% of the husband's family. The emotional and physical abuse is more evenly distributed, with the wife being affected in 60% and husbands in 40% of cases. In 70% divorce associated with workaholism it is the husband who is the cause, and in 30%, the wife. The 2004 survey found that 93% of divorce cases were filed by wives, very few were challenged. 53% divorce is a marriage that has lasted 10 to 15 years, with 40% ending after 5 to 10 years. The first 5 years are relatively free of divorce, and if the marriage lasts more than 20 years it is not possible to end up with a divorce.
Social scientists study the causes of divorce in terms of underlying factors that might motivate divorce. One of these factors is the age at which a person marries; delaying marriage can provide more opportunities or experience in choosing the right partner. Wages, income, and sex ratios are other fundamental factors that have been included in analysis by sociologists and economists.
An increase in divorce rates among couples living together before marriage is called the "cohabitation effect." The evidence shows that although this correlation is in part due to two forms of selection ( a ) that people whose moral or religious code allows cohabitation are also more likely to consider divorce allowed by morality or religion and ( b ) that marriages based on low commitment levels are more common among couples living together than among couples who do not, so the median level and median commitment at the beginning of marriage is lower among cohabiting than among unmarried. cohabitation couples), the experience of cohabitation itself provides at least some independent effects on subsequent marriage unions.
In 2010, a study by Jay Teachman published in the Journal of Marriage and Family found that women who had lived together or had premarital sex with men other than their husbands had a greater risk of divorce, and that This effect is strongest for women who have married many men before marriage. For Teachers, the fact that high divorce risks are only experienced when a premarital partner (s) is a person other than a husband indicates that premarital sex and cohabitation are now a normal part of the courtship process in the United States. It is worth mentioning that this study only considered data on women in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth in the United States. Divorce is sometimes caused by one of the partners finding the other unattractive.
Effects
Some of the effects associated with divorce include academic, behavioral, and psychological issues. While this may not always be true, studies show that children from divorced families are more likely to exhibit such behavioral problems than those from non-divorced families.
Divorce and relationships
Research conducted at Northern Illinois University in Family and Child Studies shows that divorce couples who experience high conflicts can have a positive effect on families by reducing conflict at home. However, there are many instances when parent-child relationships may suffer from divorce. Financial support is often lost when an adult experiences a divorce. Adults may be obliged to get additional work to maintain financial stability. This, in turn, can cause a negative relationship between parent and child; the relationship may be disrupted due to a lack of attention to the child as well as minimal parental supervision
Studies also show that parental skills decrease after divorce occurs; However, this effect is only a temporary change. "A number of researchers have pointed out that imbalances, including reduced parenting skills, occurred in the year after the divorce but that two years after divorce stabilization has occurred and the parenting skills have improved"
Some couples opt for divorce even when the desire of one partner to remain married is greater than the desire of the other partner to obtain a divorce. In this economy is known as Zelder Paradox, and more commonly with marriages that have produced children, and is less common with spouses without children.
In an American Psychological Association study on parental relocation after divorce, the researchers found that migration has long-term effects in children. In the first study conducted among 2,000 students on the effect of parental relocation relating to the welfare of their children after the divorce, researchers found a big difference. In a divorced family where one parent moves, students receive less financial support than their parents compared to a divorced family where no parent has moved. These findings also imply other negative results for these students, such as more depression related to divorce and not feeling emotional support from their parents. Although the data show negative results for students whose parents moved after the divorce, there is insufficient research that can only prove the overall well-being of the child. A more recent study in the Journal of Family Psychology found that parents who moved more than one hour from their children after divorce were far fewer than parents living in the same location
Effects on children
Psychological
Divorce is associated with reduced psychological well-being in children and adults of divorced parents, including greater unhappiness, less life satisfaction, weaker personal control, anxiety, depression, and greater use of mental health services. The dominant evidence shows that there is a causal effect between divorce and this result.
A study in Sweden led by the Center for Health Justice (Chess) Studies at Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, published in the Journal of Epidemiology & amp; Community Health found that children living with only one parent after divorce suffered more problems such as headaches, stomachaches, feelings of tension and sadness than those whose parents share custody.
Children of divorced parents are also more likely to experience conflicts in their own marriage, and are more likely to experience divorce on their own. They are also more likely to engage in short-term relationships, which often dissolve before marriage. There are many studies that show evidence of intergenerational divorce, but this does not mean that having a divorced parent will actually lead a child to divorce. There are two key factors that make this divorce transmission more likely. First, inherited biological trends or genetic conditions may affect the child to divorce as well as the "marriage model" posed by the child's parents.
According to Nicholas Wall, former President of the British High Court Family Division, "People think that post-partition parenting is easy - in fact, it's very difficult, and as a rule of thumb my experience is that the smarter the older, the more violent the dispute. something worse, for most children, than their parents to degrade each other. Parents simply do not realize the damage they are doing to their children by battling them wages over them.Sharing parents rarely behave naturally, though they always believe that they do it, and that the other party behaves unreasonably. "
Although not the intention of most parents, putting children in the midst of conflict is very detrimental. Examples are asking children to carry messages between parents, baking children about other parent activities, and placing other parents in front of children. Children who are involved in a high-conflict divorce or confidentiality case may experience various forms of parental seclusion, which are often regarded as courts as forms of child abuse. Specific examples of parental seclusion include brainwashing children to stop their relationships with other parents, telling children that other parents do not love them, teaching children to call other adults with parents' names in an attempt to replace other parents, limiting communication between children and other parents, and limits quality time between children and other parents. If evidence suggests that parents are actively alienating children from their other parents, their case for detainees can be severely damaged.
Poorly managed conflict between parents increases the risk of children behavior problems, depression, substance abuse and dependence, poor social skills, and poor academic performance. Fortunately, there are several approaches where divorce professionals can help parents reduce conflict. Choices include mediation, collaborative divorce, coparent counseling, and nursing coordination.
Children begin to be affected 2-4 years before separation or divorce occurs. The period of time before this separation tends to be more detrimental to children than to actual divorce or separation. This can be due to parental conflicts and anticipation of divorce, and decreased parental contact. Many couples believe that by separation, or being divorced legally that they are helping their children, and in situations of extreme parental conflict from abuse, are likely to be beneficial.
Exposure to marital conflicts and instability, most often has negative consequences for children. Some mechanisms will likely be responsible. First, observing a clear conflict between parents is a direct suppressor for children. Observational studies reveal that children react to conflicts between parents with fear, anger, or inhibition of normal behavior. Preschoolers - who tend to be egocentric - may blame themselves for marital conflict, which results in feelings of guilt and lower self-esteem. Conflict between parents also tend to overflow and negatively affect the quality of parent interaction with their children. The researchers found that the relationship between marital conflict and the problem of internalization and internalization of children is largely mediated by parents who use harsh punishment and parent-child conflict. In addition, modeling verbal or physical aggression, parents "teach" their children that disputes are resolved through conflict rather than quiet discussion. As a result, children can not learn social skills (such as the ability to negotiate and reach compromises) necessary to form mutually beneficial relationships with peers.
Girls and boys handle different divorces, for example women who initially show signs of adapting well, then suffer from anxiety in romantic relationships with men. The study also shows that girls who are separated from their fathers at a younger age tend to be more angry about the situation as they age, anger and sadness also observed in a general feeling in adolescents who have experienced parental divorce.
Children rely on their parents before the first day. In the womb they expect mothers to nourish them. It is their only desire to survive. When they are born, it is their parent's responsibility to take care of their every need as they grow up. They are seen as a kind of "superhero" as far as "their parents must be able to overcome and solve any problems. [...] and divorce destroy these basic salvations and beliefs about the parental ability to care for them and make the right decisions consider their welfare. "License counselor and therapist Steven Earll states very simply.
The way children are affected by divorce can vary in various ways. For example if the child is under three years of age, chances are they will not know what is happening or why their parents are no longer together. They will grow with the familiarity of their separate parents and also they may not be exposed if at all to the parents who say that it can happen before the divorce takes place. Through all these genres play a role in every age group is different. This suggests that through each age group the men are often more affected and at a more consistent level than women with the exception of the teenage years where women are much more emotional and expect to throw an act like more behavior than men.
If the child is around pre-school and through this event with their parents, say around the age of three to six, then the way they think is very involved. Their way of thinking is about "me" and it will stay that way until they reach about seven. Because of this way of thinking, they are most at risk of thinking that they are guilty because their parents are separated. They are the most vulnerable and usually the most negatively affected. They are unlikely to ever see the functional connections of their parents so that they will grow with some kind of distorted picture of how the marriage should be supposed to be unless the parent marries again with a successful marriage.
At this age is when gender takes a role. When boys are in this situation, they are likely to still have a strong relationship with both parents. But if a girl is in that situation, they will most likely grow with more anger and regret for the "wrong" parent. When usually this aggression leads to the father, this can lead to difficult relationships with men in the future. As well as many different faith issues depending on the reasons behind the divorce. Infidelity is the main reason here in the United States. Taking from personal experience, there can be long-term longer effects in what emotional damage can be done to a child who has experienced unhealthy relationships and divorce.
At the age of six to about the age of twelve when more physiological effects occur. And as schools become more difficult to focus. When there are more emotional tolls if you want. By attending school, children can silence their feelings and not talk much or act like normal ones. During this age, it is important to understand how to talk to your child who is experiencing this. With all the stress and schooling, all of that can be incredible. You may see the value of the child begins to slip. If this happens, it is a sign that the child is disturbed. This is a good indicator of what children might think or feel.
As we enter a higher age, more and more important factors. At the age of thirteen to seventeen years, when you have to take into account the hormone levels that come from puberty. This can be very unusual for someone who feels as though their whole life is flipping through. Being a teenager is quite difficult as it is and when you are going through puberty over divorce, it can feel like the end of the world. As for men, they always seem that they have less of an emotional toll from this situation. Although this is more than when men have more hatred towards their fathers. They often see them as the cause of the situation. This is because they are deeply attached to their mother and seeing their mother through something that is emotionally disturbing can take its toll on them. They often act their aggression because their hormones are also off the wall because puberty they do not know how to channel their aggression in a healthy way.
Aged eighteen years and above more than other groups. This is when they can actually see the situation for what it really is. They understand that sometimes adults get married for the wrong reasons and they see that sometimes things do not work out for the best. This is when everything comes to focus and parents can talk to their kids like adults and know that they will understand and will not get hurt. Men and women often behave the same in this age group because they understand adults. That they should not expect their children to fully understand the situation and the levels below it. Their entire universe revolves around them.
And all of this is just statistics, it all varies for various factors like how bad moments lead to the divorce of both parents, how both parents focus on the children during the separation process, and finally how strong the relationship between children and parents. Taking these factors into consideration, it can help determine the impact on your child.
Academic and socioeconomic
Often, divorced children have lower academic achievement than children from non-divorced families. In the family and school factor reviews associated with adolescent academic performance, it was noted that a child from a divorced family was twice as likely to fall. out of high school rather than a child from an unmarried family. These children from a divorced family may also be less likely to attend college, resulting in the cessation of their academic career.
Often academic problems are associated with children from single parent families. Research has shown that this problem may be directly related to the economic influence of divorce. Divorce can result in parents and children moving into areas with higher poverty rates and poor education systems all because of the financial struggles of single parents.
Children of divorced parents also reach lower levels of socioeconomic status, income, and wealth accumulation than children of married parents. These results are associated with lower educational attainment.
Young men or women between the ages of 7 and 16 years who have experienced their parents 'divorce are more likely than youth who do not experience their parents' divorce to leave home because of friction, to live together before marriage, and for parents of children before marriage.
Divorce often leads to a worsening academic performance in children aged 7-12, the highest negative effect is reading the test score. These negative effects tend to persist, and even increase after divorce or separation occurs.
Divorced children or separated parents show an increase in behavioral problems and marital conflicts that accompany parental divorce puts the child's social competence in jeopardy.
Divorced elderly couple
Since the mid-1990s, divorce rates have risen to over 50% among baby boomers. More and more seniors are still single; analysis of census data conducted at Bowling Green State University estimates that divorce rates will continue to rise. Unmarried baby boomers are five times more likely to live in poverty than those who are married. They are also three times more likely to receive food stamps, public assistance, or disability payments.
Sociologists believe that an increase in the number of unmarried older Americans is the result of factors such as longevity and economics. Women, in particular, become increasingly financially independent that allows them to feel more secure by themselves, in addition to changing divorced or single perceptions. This results in less pressure for baby boomers to get married or stay married.
Statistics
Asia
Japanese
In Japan, divorce generally trends from the 1960s to 2002 when they reached a peak of 290,000. Since then, both the number of divorces and divorce rates have declined for six consecutive years. In 2010, the number of divorces reached 251,000, and the divorce rate was 1.99 (per 1,000 population).
India
The Hindu Marriage Act was the Law of the Indian Parliament passed in 1955. Three other important acts were also enacted as part of the Hindu Code of Conduct during this period: the Hindu Success Act (1956), the Hindu Minority and Guardian Act ( 1956), the Hindu Adoption and Conservation Act (1956). DIVORCE IN VARIOUS ACTS IN INDIA The Parents of Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 The Marriage and Divorce Act of 1939 The Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 The Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 The Marriage and Divorce Act, 1969 The Marriage and Divorce Act, 1969 The Marriage and Divorce Act, and the Separation of Judgment (under the Indian Divorce Act, 1869)
Due to the existence of various religions in India, the Indian Judiciary has applied the law separately to couples who have different religious beliefs. Mutual approval divorce procedures are relatively easier and faster while contested divorce procedures take longer and are dependent on partner religions.
Taiwan
By 2015, there are 53,448 divorces, of which 33% for less than 5 years of marriage and 20.8% for 5-9 years of marriage. The figure represents a 17.1% decline in the number when divorce rates peaked in 2006.
Europe
One study estimated that legal reform accounted for about 20% of the increase in divorce rates in Europe between 1960 and 2002.
Ten places with the highest divorce rate in the UK are all beside the sea, with Blackpool at the top.
North America
United States
On average, the first marriage that ended in divorce lasted about eight years. From the first marriage to women from 1955 to 1959, about 79% marked their 15th anniversary, compared with just 57% for married women for the first time from 1985 to 1989. The median time between divorce and marriage was about three years. half year.
In 2000, divorce rates peaked at 40%; since then it has slowly declined, and by 2014 has settled at 32%.
A 1995 study found various factors related to divorce rates including frequency of sex, wealth, race, and religious commitment.
In 2001, weddings between people of different beliefs were three times more likely to be divorced than those of the same religion. In a 1993 study, members of the two main Protestant religions have a 20% chance of being divorced in 5 years; Catholic and Evangelical, 33% chance; a Jew and Christian, a 40% chance.
A study by the Christian polling group, Barna Group, reported that higher divorce rates were associated with a rare church attendance.
Success in marriage has been associated with higher education and higher ages. 81% of college graduates, aged over 26, who married in the 1980s, were still married 20 years later. 65% of under-26 college graduates, married in the 1980s, were still married 20 years later. 49% of high school graduates under 26, married in the 1980s, were still married 20 years later. 2.9% of adults 35-39 years old without college degrees divorced in 2009, compared with 1.6% with college education. A population study found that in 2004 and 2008, liberal voting countries had lower divorce rates than conservative voting nations, perhaps because people in liberal countries tend to wait longer before marriage. The analysis of this study finds it misleading because of sampling at the aggregate level. This reveals that when sampling the same data by individuals, Republic-leaning voters tend to have no divorce or extramarital affair than voters and independent Democrats.
The National Center for Health Statistics reports that from 1975 to 1988 in the US, in families with children present, the wives filed for divorce in about two-thirds of cases. In 1975, 71.4% of cases were filed by women, and in 1988, 65% were filed by women. It is estimated that over 95% of divorces in the US are "indisputable," as both parties can reach agreement without trial (either with or without counsel/mediator/collaborative adviser) on property, children and support issues.
A 2011 study found a 1% increase in the unemployment rate correlated with a 1% reduction in divorce rates, possibly because more people are financially challenged to pay for the legal process.
Oceania
In Australia, almost every third marriage ends in a divorce. After reaching the peak divorce rate of 2.7 per 1,000 population in 2001, the Australian rate dropped to 2.3 per 1,000 in 2007.
In same-sex married couple (United States)
All US states allow same-sex marriage. For same-sex couples in the United States, divorce law is still in its infancy.
Couple rights for custody of children
After the dissolution of same sex marriage, the legal question remains regarding the rights of the couple to get custody of the biological children of their spouses. Unresolved legal questions are abundant in this field.
The child custody policy includes some of the decisive guidelines with whom the child lives after the divorce, how time is shared in situations of joint custody, and visitation rights. The most frequently applied custody guidelines are the best interests of children , which considers parental preferences, child preferences, interactions between parents and children, child adjustments, and all family members. mental and physical health.
Religion and divorce
In some countries (mostly in Europe and North America), governments define and regulate marriage and divorce. While the ceremony can be performed by religious officials on behalf of the state, civil marriage and thus, civil divorce (without religious involvement) is also possible. Due to different standards and procedures, couples can be legally unmarried, married, or divorced by state definitions, but have different status as defined by the religious order. Other countries use religious law to regulate marriage and divorce, eliminating this distinction. In this case, religious officials are generally responsible for interpretation and implementation.
Islam allows divorce, and it can be started by a husband or wife. However, initiation is subject to certain conditions and waiting periods.
The Dharma religions allow divorce in some circumstances. The Christian view of divorce varies: Catholic teaching permits only cancellation, while most other denominations do not advocate it except in the case of adultery. The Jewish view of divorce is different, with Reform Judaism considering adequate civil divorce; Conservative and Orthodox Judaism, on the other hand, requires the husband to grant his wife a divorce in the form of get .
The Millet system, in which every religious group regulates its own marriage and divorce, still exists in various levels in several post-Ottoman countries such as Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Egypt and Greece. Some countries use sharia (Islamic law) to organize marriage and divorce for Muslims. Thus, marriage in Israel is governed separately by each religious community (Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and Druze), and there is no provision for intermarriage marriage other than marriage in another country. For Jews, marriage and divorce were committed by Orthodox rabbis. Partners may file for divorce either in rabbinical courts or Israeli civil courts.
Genders and divorces
According to a study published in the American Law and Economic Review, women have filed slightly more than two-thirds of divorce cases in the United States. This trend is reflected in the UK where the latest research on web search behavior found that 70% of divorce requests come from women. The findings also correlate with the publication of the National Bureau of Statistics "Divorce in England and Wales 2012 who reported that the divorce petition from women exceeded the number of men by 2 to 1.
Regarding the settlement of the divorce, according to Grant Thornton's 2004 survey in the UK, women got a better or much better solution than men in 60% of cases. In 30% of cases, assets are shared 50-50, and only 10% of male cases reach better settlements (down from 24% the previous year). The report concludes that the percentage of joint shelter will need to be increased for a fairer financial division to become the norm.
Some jurisdictions give unequal rights to men and women when applying for a divorce.
For couples for conservative Jewish or Orthodox Jewish law (which Israeli civil law covers all Jews in Israel), husbands must divorce their wives through a document called get . If the man refuses, the woman can appeal to a court or community to pressure her husband. A woman whose husband refuses to accept or is lost is called agunah, still married, and therefore can not remarry. Under Orthodox law, children of extramarital affairs involving a married Jewish woman are considered mimzerim (illegitimate) and can not marry non-mamzerim .
History
Greco-Roman culture
The ancient Atena nation was free to allow divorce, but the person requesting the divorce had to file a petition to the judge, and the judge could determine if the reason given was sufficient.
Divorce was rare in early Roman culture, but when their empire grew in power and authority, Roman civil law embraced the proverb, " matrimonia debent esse libera "(" marriage must be free "), and either husband or wife can leave the marriage at will. The Christian emperors, Constantine and Theodosius restricted the base of divorce with a serious reason, but this was loosened by Justinian in the sixth century.
Medieval Europe
After the fall of the Roman Empire, family life was governed more by ecclesiastical authority than civil authority. The Catholic and Orthodox Churches have, among other things, different views on divorce.
The Orthodox Church recognizes that there is a rare opportunity when it is better that the couple part ways. To the Orthodox, to say that marriage is undeniable means that marriage should not be broken, a breach of such union, considered sacred, is an offense resulting from adultery or the absence of one of the partners. Thus, enabling remarriage is an act of mercy of the Church against sinful humanity.
Under the influence of the Catholic Church the divorce rate has greatly diminished in the 9th or 10th century, which considers marriage as the sacrament instituted by Jesus Christ and inseparable by mere human action.
Although divorce, as it is known today, is generally prohibited in Catholic lands after the 10th century, separation of married and marital cancellation has been known. What today is called "separate maintenance" (or "separation of law") is called "divorce a mensa et thoro" ("divorce from bed-and-board"). Husbands and wives are physically separated and forbidden to live or live together; but their marriage relationship is not completely over. The civil court has no power over marriage or divorce. The reasons for the cancellation are determined by the authority of the Catholic church and applied in ecclesiastical courts. Annulment is for the canonical causes of obstacles that exist at the time of marriage. "Because in cases of total divorce, marriage is declared invalid, because it has violated ab initio." The Catholic Church states that the sacrament of marriage produces one person out of two, inseparable from one another: "By marriage, the husband and wife are one in law: that is, the legal existence of the woman is suspended during marriage or at least included and consolidated into his husband: under his wings, his protection and his protection, he does everything. "Since husband and wife become one person at marriage, the recognition of that union can be abrogated only on the grounds that unity never existed from the beginning,/i>, that the marriage proclamation is erroneous and void from the start.
Secularization in Europe
After the Reformation, marriage was considered a civil contract in new Protestant regions of Europe, and on that basis civil authorities gradually asserted their power to establish "divortium a vinculo matrimonii", or "divorce from all marriage ties".
Since there is no precedent specifying the circumstances under which marriage can be dissolved, the civil courts are heavily dependent on the pre-trial judgment of the church and freely adopt the conditions set by the court. Because civil courts take power to dissolve marriages, courts are still strictly interpreting the situation in which they will grant a divorce, and consider the divorce to be contrary to public policy. Since divorce is considered contrary to the public interest, civil courts refuse to grant a divorce if there is evidence to suggest the involvement of husbands and wives with divorce, or if they attempt to make divorce grounds. Divorce is only given because one of the parties in the marriage has violated the sacred oath to the "innocent couple". If both husband and wife are guilty, "will not be allowed to escape from marriage bonds".
Finally, the idea that marriage can be dissolved in cases where one party violates the sacred oath gradually allows the expansion of the yard where the divorce can be given from the grounds available at the time of marriage on the grounds that occurred after the marriage but which shows violation of the oath, such as neglect, adultery, or "extreme cruelty". The exception to this trend is the Anglican Church, which maintains the boundless marriage doctrine.
During the English Civil War, the Puritans briefly passed a law that abandoned the marriage of all the sacraments, leaving them as secular contracts that could be broken. John Milton wrote four divorce treaties in 1643-1645 that debated the legitimacy of divorce on the basis of a mismatch of spouses. His ideas preceded their time; arguing for a divorce altogether, let alone an innocent, highly controversial divorce and religious figure trying to ban his treaty. In 1670 a precedent was first established with a Parliamentary Act allowing Lord John Manners to divorce his wife, Lady Anne Pierrepont, and to the extent of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857, divorce can only be obtained through certain Parliamentary Laws.
The steps toward secularization and liberalization are reinforced by the individualistic and secular ideals of the Enlightenment. An Enlightened absolutist, King Frederick II ("the Great") of Prussia established a new divorce law in 1752, in which marriage was declared a purely personal matter, allowing divorce to be awarded on a mutual agreement. This new attitude greatly affected the law in neighboring Austria under Emperor Joseph II, where it was applied to all non-Catholic Imperial subjects. Divorce was legalized in France after the French revolution on the same basis, although the legal order of the ancien regime was restored to the restoration of Bourbon 1816. The trend in Europe throughout the nineteenth century was one of the rising liberalizations; in the nineteenth-century divorce generally given by the civil courts in the case of adultery.
In Britain before 1857 wives were considered to be under the economic and legal protection of their husbands, and divorce was almost impossible. It takes a very expensive private Parliament law worth Ã, Â £ 200, of a kind that only wealthy people can afford. It is very difficult to secure a divorce on the basis of adultery, desertion, or cruelty. The first key legislative victory came with the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857, which passed the heavy opposition of the very traditional Church of England. The new law makes divorce a civil matter court, not a Church issue, with a new civil court in London dealing with all cases. The process is still quite expensive, around Ã, Â £ 40, but it is now becoming viable for the middle class. A woman acquiring legal separation takes the status of a feme sole, with full control over her own civil rights. Additional amendments were made in 1878, allowing the separation handled by local peace judges. The Church of England prevented further reform until the last breakthrough came with the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.
In Spain, the 1931 Constitution of the Second Spanish Republic for the first time recognized the right to divorce. The first law to regulate divorce was the Divorce Act 1932 , which passed the Republican Parliament despite opposition from the Catholic Church and the coalition of the Minority Minorities and Catholic Minorities of the Basque-Navarre. The dictatorship of General Franco abolished the law. After the restoration of democracy, a new divorce law was passed in 1981, again over the opposition of the Catholic Church and part of the Christian Democratic party, which later became part of the ruling Union of Democratic Center. During the first socialist reign of Felipe GonzÃÆ'¡lez MÃÆ'¡rquez, the 1981 law was amended to accelerate the process of separation and marital divorce, once again opposed by the Church, calling it "an explicit divorce."
In Italy, the first divorce law was introduced on December 1, 1970, despite opposition from the Christian Democratic Party, and came into force on 18 December 1970. In later years, the Christian Democratic Party, supported also by those opposed to the law, legislation, promoting referendum withdrawals. In 1974, in a referendum the majority of the population voted against the revocation of divorce laws. The feature of the divorce law of 1970 is the long period of separation of the necessary five-year marriage. This period was reduced to three in 1987 and one year by 2015, in the case of judicial separation, and six months in cases of separation by mutual agreement.
Ireland and Malta agreed to divorce in their respective referendums in 1995 and 2011 respectively.
Divorce rates rose sharply during the 20th century in developed countries, as social attitudes toward family and gender changed dramatically. Divorce has become commonplace in some countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, New Zealand, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom.
Japanese
In the Edo period (1603-1868), only husbands were able to divorce their wives by writing divorce papers. But actually, their family or wedding organizers often keep these letters and try to restore marriage. It is not permitted for the wife to divorce their husbands. Some wives may have gained some protection in Shinto's "divorce shrines" for several years, and are able to obtain divorce for it. In nineteenth-century Japan, at least one of the eight marriages ended with perceraia
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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