Trans World Airlines ( TWA ) is the main American airline from 1924 to 2001. Formed as Transcontinental & amp; Western Air to operate the route from New York City to Los Angeles via St. Louis, Kansas City, and other stops, with Ford Trimotors. With America, America and the East, it is one of the "Big Four" domestic airlines in the United States set up by Spoils Conference 1930.
Howard Hughes acquired TWA in 1939, and after World War II led the expansion of the airline to serve Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, making TWA the second unofficial flag carrier of the United States after Pan Am. Hughes gave up control in the 1960s, and TWA's new management acquired Hilton International and Century 21 in an effort to diversify the company's business.
Because the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act caused a wave of flight failures, start-ups and takeovers in the United States, TWA was separated from its parent company in 1984. Carl Icahn acquired TWA and turned it into a private company in leveraged buyouts in 1988 TWA was weighed down with debts, sold the London route, underwent a Chapter 11 restructuring in 1992 and 1995, and was further emphasized by the TWA Flight 800 explosion in 1996.
In 2001, TWA filed for the third and final bankruptcy and was acquired by American Airlines. American dismissed many former TWA employees after the September 11, 2001 attacks and closed the St. Louis in 2003.
TWA was headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri, and planned to make Kansas City International Airport its domestic and international center, but abandoned this plan in the 1970s. The airline then developed its largest hub at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport. The main transatlantic hub is TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, an architectural icon designed by Eero Saarinen, and completed in 1962.
Video Trans World Airlines
History
1930s
Establishment: TWA
TWA dates the company's history from July 16, 1930, forced merger of Transcontinental Air Transport (T-A-T) and Western Air Express to establish Transcontinental & amp; Western Air (T & amp; WA). Companies join forces with Postmaster General Walter Folger Brown, who is looking for a major airline to award air contracts to.
Both airlines carry a high profile airline pioneer that will provide a panache airline called "The Airline Run by Flyers". Airlines are known for several years on the cutting edge of flights. The Transcontinental, which is larger than the two, has the marquee expertise of Charles Lindbergh and already offers a combination of 48 hours of airplane and train travel across the United States. The slightly older West, founded in 1925, has the expertise of Jack Frye.
On October 25, 1930, the airline offered one of the first scheduled service from coast to coast: Lindbergh Line. The route takes 36 hours and was originally called to stay in Kansas City. In the summer of 1931, TWA moved its headquarters from New York to Kansas City, Missouri.
DC-2 and DC-3
In 1931, the airline nearly shut down after one of Fokker F.10s spilled out and crashed on March 31 near Bazaar, Kansas, killing eight people inside, including Notre Dame University football coach Knute Rockne. Investigations reveal that the wing wood structure has deteriorated. After the accident, Fokker F.10 was temporarily penalized, and a more frequent and rigorous inspection and maintenance regime was put in place, making it more expensive to operate. The public image of F.10, and all the plane composed of wood, suffered greatly from the accident. TWA requires a replacement.
The dominant producer at the time was Bill Boeing, but his contract with United Air Lines did not allow him to sell his 247s to the line of competitors. Frye and other TWA members approached several other manufacturers, including Donald Douglas, with specifications for larger aircraft. On September 20, 1932, a contract signed with Douglas and DC-1 was delivered to TWA in December 1933, the only instance of its kind. This was followed by the delivery of 32 Douglas DC-2 which began operation in May 1934. Most of it was removed in 1937 when DC-3 began operations, but some DC-2s will operate during the early years of World War II. Throughout 1934, Tomlinson and Richter tested extensive testing of DC-1, and Tomlinson in 1934 and 1935 led to higher altitude "over-weather flying" and cabin pressure.
On February 18, 1934, World War I of America's highest, Eddie Rickenbacker and the TWA team included Frye, "Tommy" Tomlinson, Larry Fritz, Paul E. Richter, The Morehouse, Harlan Hull, John Collings, and Andy Andrews flew it. DC-1 from Burbank, California, to Newark, New Jersey, in a record-breaking 13 hours and 4 minutes.
Ownership Lehman Brothers/Hertz: T & amp; WA, Inc.
In 1934, after accusations of favoritism in the contract, the Air Mail scandal erupted, leading to the Air Mail Act of 1934, which dissolved the forced and transcontinental merger of the Transcontinental and ordered the United States Air Force to deliver letters. T & amp; WA, however, will remain with the Transcontinental as TWA. With companies facing financial difficulties, Lehman Brothers and John D. Hertz take ownership of the company.
Army aviators experienced a series of collisions, and it was decided to privatize shipments provided that no company could bid on the contract. T & amp; WA adds the suffix "Inc." to his name, thus qualifying as a different company and getting 60% of the old contract back started again in May 1934.
On May 18, 1934, DC-2 DC-1 production versions and DC-3 predecessors entered commercial service on TWA's Columbus-Pittsburgh-Newark route. On August 1, TWA embarked on a three-stop continental flight: leaving Newark at 1600, arriving Glendale at 0700, $ 160 one-way fare (about $ 2,227 today). All transcontinental airline flights made at least three stops en route to 1946.
On December 27, 1934, Jack Frye became President, Paul E. Richter, Vice President (VP), and Walt Hamilton, VP Maintenance, with manager Lawrence G. "Larry" Fritz, and Tommy Tomlinson, leader in "High Altitude Research" for flying over the weather. New owners install directional "homing" and runway lights at the facility.
In 1935, Tomlinson and Northrop Gamma (turbo-supercharged) began high-altitude research, and the last of 14 TWA Northrop Alphas was phased out. On 16 November 1936, Richter led the Boeing 307 airline talks; on January 29, 1937, TWA contracted with Boeing for five Boeing 307 "Stratoliners", the first commercial airliner with a pressurized cabin. The first TWA Stratoliner was delivered on May 6, 1940.
In 1938, Richter was elected as Executive Vice President, Lawrence G. "Larry" Fritz became Deputy Director of Operations, and Vice Director of Engineering Tomlinson. TWA then accepts the San Francisco route to Chicago (via Los Angeles).
Howard Hughes
In 1938, Lehman and Hertz began to sell their interest and General Motors began buying shares. Frye then approached another flying fan, Howard Hughes, to buy stock. According to Hughes John Keats biography, he grumbles, "$ 15 million! That's a small fortune!" before he agreed and initially bought 25% of the airline.
On June 22, 1939, Hughes Tool Co. ordered 40 Constellation Lockheed. On July 8, 1940, TWA inaugurated the Boeing 307 Stratoliner service; in the summer of 1941, a Stratoliner was scheduled to leave La Guardia in 2030 EST and arrive Burbank at 0838 PST after three stops.
1940s
World War II
Hughes gained interest in 1941 and eventually controlled 78% of TWA. The airline prospered during World War II, reaching 40 million miles in flight for the Army, as well as supplying the North Atlantic route to Prestwick, Scotland, and the South Atlantic route from Brazil to Liberia and heading east.
Hughes encouraged the construction of a Lockheed Constellation commercial airliner, which would become synonymous with the TWA elegance style and cutting-edge technology. On April 17, 1944, Hughes and Frye flew Constellation (C-69 USAAF # 43-10310) from Burbank, California, to Washington, D.C., in an unofficial record of 6 hours 58 minutes.
Post-war: Trans World Flight Company
After violating the legal appointment of Pan American World Airways as the only international airline of the United States, TWA began its trans-Atlantic service in 1946 using the elegant new DC-4s and Constellation Lockheed ("Connie"); soon his name was changed to Trans World Airline. Flight reached Cairo in 1946, Bombay in January 1947, Ceylon in February 1953, and Manila in January 1958; two 1049G a week reached Manila 55-56 hours after leaving Idlewild. This route was cut back to Bangkok in one or two years and to Bombay in 1961. In 1966, it was extended back to Hong Kong via Bangkok, then in 1969 TWA opened a transpacific link to complete the worldwide mobile network that lasted until 1975.
The airline assists in the setting up of Saudi Arabian Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, and the newly established German national airline, Lufthansa. Airlines from around the world sent their pilots to TWA for training.
Fall between Hughes and Frye
Frye and Hughes fell in 1946. Hughes's financial adviser, Noah Dietrich, said that Frye damaged the company with excessive expansion. The market price of TWA shares fell from $ 53 per share to $ 10 because the airline suffered a pilot strike and a temporary runway from its Constellation fleet. Hughes dictates 50% management across the board as a solution to financial problems. In December 1946, Hughes loaded the TWA Board of Directors with those of Hughes Tool Co. Frye resigned in February 1947, followed three months later by Richter. Thus ending the era of "The Airline Run by Flyers".
In the next two decades, TWA experienced constant change in management, with the exception of Ralph Damon. TWA survived partly because of the airline's 1940s legal maneuvers that eliminated any possible competitive threat from American Airlines, affiliated with American Airlines. C.R. Smith, the American President, was unhappy with AOA's financial results, selling AOA to Pan American in 1950; TWA and Pan Am were the only US airlines to schedule passenger flights to Europe until the National began in 1970.
1950s: Trans World Airlines
In 1950, the airline officially changed its name to Trans World Airlines. Between 1954 and 1958, he moved his executive offices from the historic downtown Kansas City building to New York City. However, fleet service continues to be handled in Kansas City, Kansas. Initially, the service was performed at the former B-25 Mitchell bomb manufacturer at Fairfax Airport. When the Great Flood of 1951 destroyed the facility, the city of Kansas City, Missouri, built a TWA of 5,000 acres (20 km 2 ) airport on a farm 15 miles (24 km) north of downtown. to Kansas City International Airport. At its peak, the airline is one of Kansas City's largest companies with more than 20,000 employees. TWA also became famous by Hollywood movie stars and executives and is known as "Airlines to the Stars".
In the 1950s, TWA Moonliner was the tallest structure in Disneyland and described the upcoming energies of the atom in 1986.
TWA suffered from late entry into jet age, and Hughes placed orders for 63 Convair 880 at a cost of $ 400 million. The transaction eventually resulted in Hughes losing control of the airline because outside the creditors who finance the deal did not want Hughes to control the development and operation of the aircraft.
In 1958, TWA became the first major airline to hire an African-American stewardess, hiring Margaret Grant after another African American woman, Dorothy Franklin of Astoria, Queens, New York filed a lawsuit accusing "that she had been discriminated against" the bad... the unattractive teeth 'and the' not beautiful 'legs. "New York Governor W. Averell Harriman praised the hired man, saying the action" will improve American prestige abroad. "
1960s
In July 1940, TWA scheduled flights to 22 airports, in August 1953, to 65, in May 1968, to 63, and in November 1978, to 58.
On July 19, 1961, TWA was the first American airline with a movie on the plane when it showed By Love Possessed , starring Lana Turner and Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. in the first-class section of Boeing 707 flying New York to Los Angeles.
Charles C. Tillinghast Jr.
Hughes relinquished power in 1961 in combat over the purchase of Convair 880 jet aircraft. In the deal, Charles C. Tillinghast, Jr. became chairman and oversaw the airline until 1976. The battle over Hughes's control continued until a court order in 1966 forced Hughes to sell his shares for $ 546 million (which he used to purchase Air West regional airline and rename Hughes Airwest airline).
Under the new management, Trans World Corporation (parent company of TWA) expands to purchase Hilton's overseas operations. In 1964, TWA started a program to assist in the expansion of US exports which came to be known as TWA MarketAir Corporate Logo to promote passenger air travel business and as a marketing tool to be used in the sale of air cargo. This marketing effort was initiated by Senior Vice President, Marketing, Thomas B. McFadden, in cooperation with the International Trade Bureau, an important US financial institution, and an export expansion entity to offer tools that small and midsize companies can use in the US. low or no cost to expand their exports. The management of this program's staff is under the direction of Joseph S. Cooper. The main element of the program is the MarketAir Newsletter in a number of languages ​​devoted to American exporters and international travelers.
Revolutionary airport design
TWA was one of the first airlines, after Delta Air Lines, to embrace a speech distribution hub paradigm and was one of the first with Boeing 747. The plan would be to use the 747 along with supersonic transport to stir people between the West/Midwest (via Kansas City ) and New York City (via John F. Kennedy International Airport) to Europe and other world destinations. As part of this strategy, the TWA airport hub should have a gate near the road. The design of TWA-style airport proved impractical when piracy to Cuba in the late 1960s led to the need for central security checkpoints.
John F. Kennedy International Airport
In 1962, TWA opened the Trans World Flight Center, now Terminal 5 (or just T5), at New York City's JFK Airport and designed by Eero Saarinen. The terminal was expanded in 1969 to accommodate jumbo jets, inactive in 2001, and underwent renovations and expansions beginning in 2005. A new terminal with crescent-shaped entrances and now serving JetBlue Airways opened in 2008 - partially surrounding the landmark.
Kansas City International Airport
Kansas City approved a $ 150 million bond issue for the TWA hub there. TWA vetoed plans for Dulles International Airport's hub-and-spoke gate structure. After a unity dispute, the airport eventually cost $ 250 million when it opened in 1972, with Vice President Spiro Agnew leading the way. The TWA gate, which is meant to be within 100 feet (30 m) of the road, becomes obsolete due to security concerns. Kansas City refused to rebuild its terminal because Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport rebuilt a similar terminal, forcing TWA to find a new hub. Missouri politicians moved to keep it in the state and, in 1982, TWA began a decade of steps to Lambert International Airport in St. Louis. Louis.
Fleet of all jets
On April 7, 1967, TWA became one of the first all-jet airlines in the US with the retirement of Lockheed L-749A Constellation and L-1649 Starliner. That morning, across the TWA system, aircraft service personnel placed a booklet in every passenger seat entitled "Props Are For Boats".
In 1967-1972, TWA was the third largest airline in the world based on passenger miles, behind Aeroflot and United. During the mid and late 1960s, the airline expanded its reach as far east as Hong Kong from Europe and also introduced services to a number of destinations in Africa. In 1969, TWA carried the most transatlantic passengers of any airline; until then, Pan American World Airways has always been number one. In the case of the Transpacific Route of 1969, TWA was authorized to fly across the Pacific to Hawaii and Taiwan, and for several years, TWA had a world-wide network.
In 1969, TWA opened the Breech Academy on a 25-acre (100,000m 2 ) campus in Kansas City suburb of Overland Park, Kansas, to train flight attendants, ticket agents and travel agents, and provide flight simulators for its pilots. It became the definitive airline facility, trained other airline staff, as well as hers.
The airline continued to expand its European operations in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In 1987, TWA had a transatlantic system reaching from Los Angeles to Bombay, including virtually every major European population center, with 10 American gates.
1970s
In 1975, Trans World Airlines was headquartered in Turtle Bay, in Midtown Manhattan.
Uniforms for flight attendants during this decade past three different designers. From 1971-1974, the official TWA uniform was designed by Valentino. From 1974-1978, the official TWA uniform was designed by Stan Herman, and from 1978-2001, the official TWA uniform was designed by Ralph Lauren.
1980s
Facing the pressure of deregulation, the airline is consolidating its route system around the domestic hub at St. Louis (assisted by the purchase of Ozark Air Lines in 1986) and an international gateway in New York. It can remain profitable during this time because of the position of a good antedileged route and a relatively low cost to adapt its operation.
In 1985, Carl Icahn purchased a flight operation from Trans World Corporation and appointed himself the chairman of a newly independent airline. Also in 1985, TWA closed its center at Pittsburgh International Airport after nearly 20 years as a hub.
The following year, TWA acquired Ozark Air Lines, a regional airline based in Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, for $ 250 million. This transaction increases part of TWA's enplanements in St. Louis from 56.6% to 82%.
TWA has a pilot base in many European cities such as Berlin, Frankfurt, Zurich, Rome, and Athens. This base is used to provide crews for the Boeing 727 that TWA operates on its European route network. His Boeing 727 plane serves Cairo, Athens, Rome, London, Paris, Geneva, Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Stuttgart, Zurich, Amsterdam, Oslo, Vienna, and Istanbul.
In 1987, Icahn moved the company's main offices from Manhattan, to an office building he owns on Mount Kisco.
TWEN's zenith occurred in the summer of 1988, when, for the only time, the airline carried more than 50 percent of all transatlantic passengers. Every day, the Boeing 747, Lockheed L-1011, and Boeing 767 planes depart for more than 30 cities in Europe, fed by a small but effective domestic operation focusing on moving US passengers to New York or other gate cities for service wide across the Atlantic, while similar inter-European operations drove non-US passengers to the European gates of TWA - London, Paris (which is even considered a European hub by TWA), and Frankfurt - to travel to the United States.
In 1989, TWA decided to replace the Boeing 727 Series 100 with the former Ozark Airlines DC-9. This decision is based on the economy of the operation of a three-crew aircraft (727) with three engines, rather than operating a two-crew aircraft (DC-9) with two engines. Both aircraft had the same passenger and cargo capacity, so it was decided to replace Boeing's fleet. To prepare for this transition, TWA is positioning several million dollars spare parts for DC-9 in Germany. This is a requirement set by the German government. If TWA wishes to use DC-9 to service the German population, then TWA must provide the parts available for its fleet. The airline also dispatched its DC-9 senior pilot (known as Check Airmen) to Europe to observe the operation in preparation for the replacement of the crew that will follow. Shortly before the DC-9 aircraft began arriving in Germany, however, the entire plan was canceled because the lease contract made by Carl Icahn for the former Ozark DC-9 specifically forbids any operation outside the continental boundary of the United States.
1990s
In 1990, Icahn's urgent need for additional capital forced him to sell the company's Heathrow operation to American Airlines around the same time that Pan American World Airways sold Heathrow's operations to United.
1992 bankruptcy
Tillinghast ignores the transpacific market and special air cargo market. He has reportedly said, "There is no money in the Pacific and no money in cargo We will 'turn down the airline' in order to be profitable." These two errors are said to be the failure of TWA, in addition to Sandro Andretta's resignation in December 1991.
Airline Deregulation hit TWA hard in the 1980s. TWA has greatly neglected US domestic expansion at a time when the newly deregulated domestic market is growing rapidly. The parent company of TWA, Trans World Corporation, separates the airlines, which subsequently became hungry by the capital. The airline briefly considered selling itself to the famous company robber Frank Lorenzo in the 1980s but eventually selling it to another company robber, Carl Icahn, in 1985. Under Icahn's direction, many of his most profitable assets were sold to competitors , mostly to the detriment of TWA. Icahn was eventually ousted in 1993, though not before the airline was forced to file bankruptcy on January 31, 1992. Icahn appeared unscathed. TWA moved its headquarters from Mt. Kisco to the former McDonnell Douglas building headquarters in St. Louis. Louis as soon as Icahn left.
1995 bankruptcy
When Carl Icahn left in 1993, he arranged for TWA to give Karabu Corp., an entity he controlled, the right to purchase TWA tickets at a 45% discount from the published price until September 2003. It was named "Karabu deal". The ticketing program agreement, which began on June 14, 1995, excludes tickets for trips originating or terminated at St. Louis, Missouri. Tickets are subject to TWA normal seating rules and boarding pass rules and regulations, can not be transferred to other carriers, and are not supported. No commissions are paid to Karabu by TWA for tickets sold under the ticket program agreement.
With an agreement dated August 14, 1995, Lowestfare.com LLC, a subsidiary of Karabu's operations, joined as one of the parties in the ticket program agreement. In accordance with the ticket program agreement, Lowestfare.com can purchase unlimited number of system tickets. The system ticket is a ticket for all applicable classes of services purchased by Karabu from TWA at a 45% discount of the TWA published rate. In addition to the system ticket, Lowestfare.com may also purchase a domestic consolidator ticket, which is a ticket issued with a mass tariff and limited to the specified destination/destination market and does not permit the holder to modify or refund the purchased ticket. Karabu purchasing a domestic consolidator ticket is subject to a $ 70 million per year limit on the full retail price of the ticket.
In most TWA flights, Karabu can buy at a substantial discount and then sell a portion of all available seats of TWA. As a result, TWA is paralyzed by the high proportion of large discounted seats that have been sold and basically has no control over their own prices. They can not afford to discount their own seats, and if TWA wants to increase revenue on busy routes by placing larger planes into service, Karabu will only claim more seats. TWA lost about $ 150 million per year in revenue because of this deal.
To improve the Karabu deal, TWA went in and out of bankruptcy in 1995.
Short term-around
In 1998, TWA was reorganized as a domestic airline primarily, with a route centered at the hub at St. Louis and New York. Partly in response to TWA Flight 800 and the age of its fleet, TWA announced the renewal of its large fleet, ordering 125 new planes. TWA pays the naming rights for the new Trans World Dome, home of St. Louis Rams, in his company's hometown. In June 1994, the headquarters moved to One City Center in downtown St. Louis. Louis.
TWA's fleet renewal program includes the addition of newer, smaller, more fuel-efficient aircraft, such as the Boeing 757 and 767 as well as short-range aircraft such as the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and Boeing 717. Aircraft such as the Boeing 727 and 747, The longer Lockheed L-1011 and DC-9, some from the Ozark and 1960s, have retired. TWA also became one of the earliest customers for Airbus A318 through International Lease Finance Corporation. TWA, if it continues to operate until 2003, will be the first US carrier to fly the type.
TWA has an international code-of-stock agreement with Royal Jordanian Airlines, Kuwait Airways, Royal Air Maroc, Air Europa and Air Malta. In 1997, a code-share agreement was signed with Air Ukraine with plans to start services between Paris and Kiev in 1999. Domestic code division with America West Airlines began, with long-term plans for mergers considered.
The airline route also changes; some international destinations are dropped or changed. The airline's focus becomes domestic with several international routes through the St. Louis and smaller New York (JFK) and San Juan, Puerto Rico hubs. Domestically, operators are improving service with redesigned aircraft and new services, including "Pay Coach, Fly First", where trainer passengers can be upgraded to first class when flying through St. Petersburg. Louis. Internationally, service is cut. European destinations were finally limited to London and Paris; and in the Middle East, to Cairo, Riyadh and Tel Aviv.
2000s
TWA stated that they plan to make Los Angeles a focus city around October 2000, in partnership with American Eagle Airlines as part of the Trans World Connection.
Acquisition by American Airlines
Financial issues reappear soon and assets of Trans World Airlines Inc. was acquired in April 2001 by AMR Corp., the parent company of American Airlines, which quickly formed a new company called TWA Airlines LLC. As part of the deal, TWA declares Chapter 11 bankruptcy (for the third time) a day after agreeing to purchase. Terms of the agreement include payment of $ 745 million. The bankruptcy court approved the purchase of a rival bid by Jet Acquisition Group, an investment group headed by Ralph Atkin, founder of SkyWest Airlines. The total value of TWA assets and liabilities is assumed to be estimated at $ 2 billion. The Americans did not claim the naming rights for the Rams house, which eventually became the Edward Jones Dome and now The Dome at America's Center.
TWA Booking ended on November 30, 2001.
TWA Airlines LLC flew its last flight on December 1, 2001, with an MD-80 (N948TW) aircraft. Seremonial Flight Deals Louis, with CEO Captain William Compton in control. The last flight before the 'official' TWA was absorbed by American Airlines has been settled between St. Louis and Las Vegas, Nevada, also on December 1, 2001. At 10:00 GMT CST on that date, employees began removing all TWA signs and placards from airports across the country, replacing them with signs of American Airlines. At midnight, all TWA flights are officially registered as an American Airlines flight. Some aircraft carry American/TWA hybrid livery during the transition period, with American tricolor strips on the plane and TWA titles on the tail and the front plane. Signage still bears the TWA logo in the Concourse D section of Lambert St. Louis International Airport.
American Airlines acquired several Ambassador Clubs; The other Ambassador club closed on 2 December 2001.
St. Hubs Louis TWA shrank after the acquisition, due to its proximity to the larger American hub at Chicago O'Hare International Airport. As a result, America initially replaced the main hub of TWA St. Louis with a regional jet service (going from over 800 operations per day to over 200) and streamlining TWA's maintenance base in Kansas City. In September 2009, American Airlines announced its intention to close the St. Louis is inherited from TWA and, in October 2009, American Airlines announced its intention to close down the maintenance base of Kansas City in September 2010.
Maps Trans World Airlines
Inheritance in progress
On December 16, 2013, Doug Parker, CEO of American Airlines Group, announces that the TWA aircraft heritage will be added in the future, "We will continue the tradition in America, including introducing future TWA planes and guarding US Airways airplanes. we will retain the American heritage in the fleet ". On November 16, 2015, the Americans made a good appointment, painting 737-800 in TWA livery (with an American title, as shown on the right). The remaining TWA MD-83 will remain in operation until about 2018, when the TWA, Inc. aircraft. last will be retired. Retired TWA, Inc. have their restored flying rights and are no longer separated from American Airlines retirees by the TWR classification.
A lighted TWA sign still exists (in 2013) on the east side of TWA terminal Terminal Saarinen terminal overlooking JetBlue's Terminal 5. JetBlue will continue to turn TWA sign at TWA Flight Center.
Destination
See TWA's goals for the main purpose. For commuter purposes, see Trans World Express and Trans World Connection.
TWA has a codeshare agreement with the following airlines:
- Air Europa
- Air Malta
- America West Airlines
- American Airlines
- Kuwait Airways
- Royal Air Maroc
- The Kingdom of Jordan
Accidents and incidents
Since 1942, TWA has been involved in 84 incidents.
One of the first to gain extensive press coverage was the NC1946 (DC-3) accident, operating as Flight 3, which killed Hollywood movie stars, Carole Lombard, his mother, and 20 others.
On July 11, 1946, a TWA Lockheed Constellation, NC86513, operating as a TWA 513 flight, a training flight, crashed in Reading, Pennsylvania. Of the six crew members, only one survived. The accident was caused by a fire in the cargo room, and grounded all constellations from 12 July to 23 August 1946.
Another widely accessible disaster was the collision of the TWA Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation with Douglas DC-7 United Airlines over the Grand Canyon in 1956, which killed all 128 people on board the two aircraft. This accident caused a fundamental change in the regulation of aviation operations in the United States.
A similar incident occurred in 1960, this time in New York City, when the TWA L-1049 collided with United Douglas DC-8. The disaster killed 134 people: 84 on board UAL DC-8, 44 on board TWA L-1049, and six people on land. No one survived one of the planes.
Terrorist target
From 1969 to 1986, six TWA planes were terrorist targets for the Palestinian fedayeen, four of which were piracy and two, the bombing, mainly because the airline had a strong European presence, was the bearer of the flag for the United States, and flew to Israel..
- In 1969, TWA Flight 840 from Rome to Athens was hijacked and forcibly transferred to Damascus. No one was hurt, but the plane's nose exploded (though replaced and the plane back in operation).
- In 1970, TWA Flight 741 was hijacked after take-off from Frankfurt am Main on a trip to New York City. It was taken to Dawson Square in Jordan, along with two other hijacked planes. The three planes were empty of passengers and crew when they were destroyed. The fourth plane landed in Cairo, and suffered the same fate.
- In 1971, three members of the "New African Republic" group who killed a New Mexico State Police officer on November 8 hijacked TWA Flight 106, a Boeing 727, from Albuquerque to Havana. Passengers are released in Tampa, Florida.
- In 1974, TWA Flight 841 from Tel Aviv to New York City crashed into the Ionian Sea shortly after taking off from Athens en route to Rome after a bomb believed to be in a cargo space exploded, killing all 88 people inside./li>
- In 1976, TWA Flight 355 was hijacked by five Croatian separatists as they flew from New York-LaGuardia to O'Hare International. They ordered the pilot to fly to Montreal, where the plane was refueling, and then make additional refueling stops at Gander and Keflavik; at some of these dismissals, the hijackers unloaded the propaganda pamphlets they requested were dropped to Montreal, Chicago, New York, London and Paris. At the final stop of the plane, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, the hijackers surrendered after direct talks with US Ambassador Kenneth Rush, and their explosives were revealed to be false.
- In 1985, TWA Flight 847 from Athens to Rome was hijacked first to Beirut, then to Algiers, back to Beirut, back to Algeria, and finally returned to Beirut - with some of its fuel being paid by Shell's credit stewardess Uli Derickson. Navy officer of the United States Navy II Robert Stethem was chosen by Hezbollah as a member of the American military. The hijackers beat and tortured Stethem; Mohammed Ali Hammadi killed a dying sailor and dumped his body on the asphalt. Robert Stethem was awarded a Purple Heart and Bronze Star with a burial at Arlington National Cemetery. The memory of Robert Dean Stethem is respected by his nation with the namesake of the US Navy destroyer, USS Stethem .
- In 1986, TWA Flight 840, with its approach to Athens, Greece, was attacked with an on-board bomb, causing four Americans (including nine-month-old infants) to be ejected from the plane to their deaths. Five other people on the plane were injured because the cabin had rapid decompression. The remaining 110 passengers survived the incident, and pilot Richard "Pete" Petersen made an emergency landing in Athens.
TWA Flight 800
TWA's worst accident occurred on July 17, 1996, when Flight 800, a Boeing 747 en route to Paris, exploded over the Atlantic Ocean near Long Island, killing all 230 people inside. The National Transportation Safety Council concluded that the most probable cause of the disaster was a fuel-tank center explosion triggered by exposed wires. In subsequent coverage, the media is heavily focused on the fact that TWA's airline fleet is one of the oldest in service (the 747 used for Flight 800 was made in 1971, making it 25 years at the time of the incident). The flight was under the command of Captain Steven Snyder, a TWA veteran pilot.
Fleet
Fleet in 2001
When Trans World Airlines was acquired by American Airlines in 2001, their fleet contained these aircraft:
Retired Fleet
TWA, at one time, also held orders for BAC-AÃÆ' Â © rospatiale Concorde, Sud Aviation Caravelle, Boeing 2707, and Airbus A330 (taken by Cathay Pacific). The remaining A330 orders were eventually converted to an A318 order.
Fleet in 1970
Crew base
TWA has crew bases in Boston, New York, Washington, D.C., St. Louis, Kansas City, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Frankfurt. The base of the international flight attendant cabin crew is located in Paris, Rome, Hong Kong, and, at one time, Cairo. Beginning in 1996, TWA has a "West Coast Regional Domicile", where pilots and flight attendants cover flights originating from the main US West Coast airport from San Diego, California, north to San Francisco.
Ambassadors Club
TWA operate locations Ambassadors Club at various airports. American Airlines acquired several clubs and other clubs are closed on December 2, 2001. Prior to the closing of the club, TWA maintain the club in:
Clubs in North America opened on December 1, 2001
- United States
- California
- Los Angeles (Converted to Alaska Airlines Boardroom)
- San Francisco (San Francisco International Airport) (Converted to Alaska Airlines Board Room)
- Massachusetts
- Boston (Logan International Airport)
- Missouri
- Kansas City (Converted to Admirals Club)
- St. Louis (Lambert-St. Louis Airport) (Converted to Admirals Club)
- New York
- New York City (LaGuardia Airport)
- Virginia
- Washington, D.C., area (Washington Dulles International Airport)
- California
Clubs in North America and the Caribbean close before dissolution
- United States
- Arizona
- Phoenix (Sky Harbor International Airport)
- California
- San Diego International Airport)
- New Mexico
- Albuquerque (Albuquerque International Sunport)
- New Jersey
- Newark (Newark Liberty International Airport)
- New York
- New York City (John F. Kennedy International Airport)
- Ohio
- Columbus (Port Columbus International Airport)
- Dayton (Dayton International Airport)
- Texas
- Dallas/Fort Worth (Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport)
- Virginia
- Washington, D.C., area (Washington Reagan National Airport)
- Washington
- Seattle-Tacoma International Airport)
- Arizona
- Ã, Puerto Rico
- San Juan (Luis MuÃÆ'Â ± oz MarÃÆ'n International Airport)
European club closed before dissolution
- Ã, United Kingdom
- London (London Gatwick Airport)
- Ã, French
- Paris (Charles de Gaulle Airport)
- Ã, Italy
- Milan (Malpensa Airport)
- Rome (Leonardo Da Vinci Airport)
- Ã, German
- Frankfurt (Frankfurt Airport) (became American Airlines Admirals Club in 1997)
See also
- Ransome Airlines, Trans World Express
- TWE - TW Express
- Trans World Connection
References
External links
Media related to Trans World Airlines on Wikimedia Commons
- TWA Museum at Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport in Kansas City
- Video Presentation: TWA Museum at Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport in Kansas City
- US Airways and American Airlines merger sites
- American Airlines Sites
- TWA's official website in Wayback Machine (index archive)
- [7] had many TWA schedules from 1931 to 1968, showing where they flew, how long and at what cost.
- [8] has three TWA schedules including a final TWA schedule.
- TWAlive
- TWA History - TWA Website
- Carb contract agreement
- Historical plane imagery, market survey & amp; overview
- Trans World Airlines Records at Wyoming University - American Heritage Center
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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