Andrew Hamilton <1679 - August 4, 1741) was a Scottish lawyer in the Thirteen Colonies, where he finally settled in Philadelphia. He is best known for his legal victory on behalf of printer and publisher John Peter Zenger newspaper. The 1735 decree in New York helped establish that truth is a defense against defamation allegations. His eloquent defense concluded by saying that the press had "the freedom to express and oppose the power of tyranny by speaking and writing the truth."
His success in this case has been said to have inspired the term "Philadelphia lawyer", which means a highly skilled and intelligent lawyer, as in "Need a Philadelphia lawyer to set him free." His Philadelphia plantation, known as Bush Hill, was inherited by his son, William Hamilton, who rented him for use as a vice president's home for years that the city was the capital while the United States.
Video Andrew Hamilton (lawyer)
Imigrasi ke Virginia
Believed to be born in Scotland around 1676, Hamilton did not speak of heredity, career, or her name in the Old World. At one time he was called Trent, although he returned to his name as Hamilton when Queen Anne ascended the throne in 1702. In his address to the Assembly of Pennsylvania in 1739, he spoke of "the freedom, the love that first attracted me, so it continues to apply to me to live in this province, 'for the real prejudice of my luck.' Hamilton may be his real name, but, for personal reasons, he feels worthy to throw it away for a while.
Around 1697, Hamilton came to Accomac County, Virginia, where he continued his studies on law and teaching classical school. He later found work as a servant of the estate owned by Joseph Preeson, one of his former students. After the death of Preeson in 1705, Hamilton continued to work in Preeson real. On March 6, 1706, he married the widow of Preeson Ann, Thomas's daughter and Susanna Denwood Brown, who was a prominent member of the Quaker family. The marriage was said to have brought Hamilton's influential connections, and he started practicing law.
Two years after his marriage, on March 26, 1708, Hamilton bought from John Toads a 600-acre estate in Maryland known as "Henberry". It lies on the north side of the Chester River in Kent County, Maryland. (Millington City, Maryland, later developed on Henberry soil.) Hamilton also maintains a residence in Virginia, when he attracts clients from both colonies.
Maps Andrew Hamilton (lawyer)
Initial career
In 1712, at the age of 36, Hamilton built a reputation in Chestertown, Maryland with a favorable legal practice. That year, he traveled to London to gain prestige in his profession. On January 27, 1712, he joined Gray's Inn, one of four Londoners for lawyers. Two weeks later on February 10, she was summoned to the front of the English Bar. At the end of the year, during the winter of 1712/13, William Penn hired Hamilton in the case of replevin against Berkeley Codd. Codd debated some of Penn's rights under a grant from the Duke of York, who would later become King James II. It started a long and friendly relationship between Hamilton and the Penn family.
His journey to London and continuing his work in Pennsylvania, especially with the Penn family, gained the proximity of Hamilton. He came to the attention of the Baltimore family and the Maryland colony government. In April 1715, he was elected a representative of the Delegation of the Maryland House of Kent County. When Hamilton filed cases before the Pennsylvania High Court on April 29, 1715, he did not learn about his options until his return to Maryland on May 5, 1715. Hamilton took oath of office, tests, and abrasion on his day of return.. However, he was arrested by the House of Representatives due to a delay in taking the oath and reporting to the DPR. They accepted his explanation that he was 100 miles from his home in Chestertown and could not return on business, but he had to pay a fine of 65 shillings to officials.
Placed on the Legal Committee, Hamilton was charged with the organization and codification of Maryland's colonial justice law. On May 14, 1715, Hamilton had helped draw up a series of laws that became Law 1715. This law would form the legal basis for Maryland until the Revolution.
At one point during 1715, Hamilton moved to Philadelphia. He and his family occupied Clark Hall, owned by William Clark Jr. and Rebecca Clark, and managed by their Clement Plumsted relative. It's located on the corner of Third Street and Chestnut.
Philadelphia Lawyer
On September 7, 1717, Hamilton was appointed Pennsylvania's attorney general by Governor William Keith. In March 1721, he was summoned to the provincial council, and he accepted the requirement that his duties should not interfere with his practice. Hamilton resigned from office in 1724. That year he went to London to oversee the official approval of William Penn's will on behalf of the Penn family.
When a settler named Cartledge killed a Seneca man in 1722 in an area outside the Philadelphia County border, tensions escalated between the tribes of the area and the colonists. Colonists fear Seneca will cause violence unless Cartledge can be brought to justice. The new Courts Act is deemed necessary and made under the watch of Hamilton, as Attorney General, and Supreme Court Justice, David Lloyd. Lloyd's older law was consolidated into the Justice Act of 1722, endorsed by Governor Keith on May 22, 1722. One feature allows the Justice to act as peace justice anywhere in the colony if conditions call for it, clearly Responding to the Cartledge situation. Since the person killed was a Seneca, the colonists feared the powerful Iroquois Confederacy might take revenge against the colonists for his death. Lloyd prepared to try Cartledge. But Iroquois wrote to Lloyd on July 30, 1722, who insisted that Cartledge be forgiven. Instantly the Assembly ordered a hundred pounds set aside for a fee and a hundred pounds for the prize. They authorized Hamilton as Attorney General, Judge Hill, and Mr. Norris to become a committee to visit the Five Nations.
In 1727 Hamilton was appointed as a prothonotary of the Supreme Court, Master of the Rolls, and Recorder of Philadelphia. He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania from Bucks County in the same year, a speaker elected in 1729, and was re-elected each year until his retirement in 1739, with the exception of one year, 1733.
Zenger Case
The peak of Hamilton's career glory was his defense of John Peter Zenger in 1735, which he did pro bono. Zenger is a printer in New York City. In his newspaper, Zenger has asserted that the judges were arbitrarily transferred, and a new court was established, without the consent of the legislature, where a court judge was taken when a governor was so disposed of. The Attorney General accused him of defamation, and Zenger lawyers James Alexander and William Smith, objected to the legality of the judge's commission, which was beset by a list of lawyers. At this point, no New York lawyer can handle the case. Merchant Mary Spratt Alexander suggested to her husband, James Alexander, that he asked his partner, Andrew Hamilton, who was his regular correspondence with - and beyond the reach of influence by the judge - to come to New York to defend Zenger. Mary Alexander then went to Philadelphia to interview Hamilton and gave her the facts of the case. It is thought that she and her husband were early investors of the New York Weekly Gazette.
Hamilton worried that the advocate, who was subsequently appointed by the court, may be attacked by a judge, whose head is Justice De Lancey, a member of the board of governors. He voluntarily went to New York and appeared in the case on behalf of Zenger. He acknowledged that Zenger had printed and published articles but advanced the doctrine, the novel at the time, that the truth of the facts in the alleged defamation could be formed as a defense. He said that in this process, the judges are judges of both law and fact.
The offer of evidence to prove the truth of Zenger's statement was rejected, but Hamilton appealed the jury to find or admit from evidence of their daily life that the contents of the defendant's article were true. He argues that the definition of libel that does not demand false accusations derives from a hated Star Chamber. His eloquence guarantees an "innocent" verdict.
New Yorkers and other colonies praised the verdict with joy, guaranteeing free discussion of the behavior of the public. Gouverneur Morris calls Hamilton "the star of the day of the American Revolution." The New York General Council passed a resolution grateful to him for his services, and gave him the freedom of the city. In addition, a group of prominent citizens contributed to the production of a 5 ½ ounce gold box presented to Hamilton as a lasting sign of their gratitude to him. His fame spread to Britain, a report on trials that went through four editions there within three months.
Later career
On May 12, 1732, Thomas Penn, John Penn, and Richard Penn, as Pennsylvania owners, signed an order to make a commission. This sequence is directed to prominent figures in colonial Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, including Hamilton, as well as Governor Gordon, Isaac Norris, Samuel Preston, and James Logan, Esquires, and to the masters of James Steel and Robert Charles. The Commission, which shall consist of at least three or more of these persons, is given full power on behalf of the owner to "run, mark and lay" of any boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. This is in agreement with the agreement signed between Penn brothers and Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore on May 10, 1732.
From 1736 until his death in 1741, Hamilton was a young mentor Benjamin Chew, who later became Attorney General and Supreme Court Justice of Pennsylvania. Hamilton for many years was the guardian of the general lending office, the provincial agent for issuing banknotes. In 1737 he was appointed as an admiralty vice-judge court by Governor George Thomas, the only office he held at the time of his death.
Hall of Independence
In the spring of 1729 the citizens of Philadelphia petitioned to establish a country house. A couple of two thousand pounds were raised for the proposal. Andrew Hamilton, along with Thomas Lawrence and John Kearsley, was appointed to a committee to decide on a plan to build, select a site for construction, and hire a contractor. Hamilton, at the company with his son-in-law, William Allen, bought the land now known as Independence Square, where to set up "suitable buildings" for use as a legislative building. Prior to 1729, the hearing met at a private residence.
Andrew Hamilton is often credited for the design of Independence Hall (later known as Pennsylvania State House). Most likely the design was for the initial planning and that he did not make the final plan. Beginning in 1732, Edmund Woolley was responsible for the final design and construction of Pennsylvania State House, a project that employed Woolley and his pupils until the 1750s. The government building was not completed until after Hamilton's death, and the transportation of the land to the province was made by his son and son-in-law.
For his legal work that inaugurated William Penn's will in London from 1724-1726, Hamilton was granted land in 1726 and 1729 by the Pennsylvania owner; William Penn's widow, Hannah Penn and her sons, Richard Penn, Thomas Penn, and John Penn. Hamilton also took this time to buy from Stephen Jackson part of the land from Springettsburg Manor. These gifts and purchases add up to 153 acres of land, of which Hamilton received a patent in 1734.
Bush Hill
The Bush Hill estate contains land now bordered by 12th Street to East, 19th Street to West, Vine Street to the South, and what is now Fairmount Avenue (but formerly Coates Street) to the North. The fort is located in what is now the southern side of Spring Garden Street near the old Philadelphia Mint building, now used by the Community College of Philadelphia. Hamilton left the property to his son James Hamilton after his death; he then handed it to his nephew William Hamilton.
When the federal capital is located in Philadelphia, Bush Hill is leased to the government as a vice president's home, as William Hamilton stays long in England. During the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, the outer building was adapted for use for several months as a fever hospital.
The Woodlands
The Woodlands was a vast area given to Hamilton; it lies on the west side of the Schuylkill River and its properties include most of today's Western Philadelphia. He handed it over to his son, Andrew, who survived only six years. The next inherited and land use is Andrew Hamilton's younger son, William Hamilton.
Lancaster
Hamilton and his son James were among the founders of Lancaster, who in 1729 became the fourth county in the Pennsylvania province. The community is located on a 500 acres (2 km2) plot of Hamilton, where he founded Lancaster Townstead around 1730. In 1734, James, now the owner of Lancaster city, won a seat in the Assembly and became the political leader of the county. In 1742 James Hamilton secured the original government charter, which provided the completion of the status of the district (this charter can be found today at the clerk's office).
Next life
Andrew Hamilton's wife Anne is believed to have died around 1736. Hamilton died at Bush Hill and was initially buried in the property. After the sale of his land in the 1800s, Hamilton and the remains of his family were moved and reinterpreted in a mausoleum located in the Church of Christ. On August 6, two days after Hamilton's death, Benjamin Franklin publishes in his editorial of the Pennsylvania Gazette editorial award for lawyers and politicians.
Family and offspring
During the early years after his marriage, his wife Anne had several children. Margaret Hamilton, their first child, was born in 1709. Around 1711, Hamilton's second son and first son James Hamilton were born; he later became mayor of Philadelphia and a governor of the Pennsylvania colony. In 1713, Hamilton's last son, also named Andrew Hamilton, was born.
Margaret Hamilton married William Allen on February 16, 1734. William and Margaret had six children together. Andrew Hamilton has a close working relationship with his son-in-law. They both work in the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania governments. Together with James Hamilton, they obtained land for a country house, now Independence Hall, and the surrounding courtyard.
Younger Andrew Hamilton married Mary Till on December 24, 1741. He was the daughter of William Till, a businessman from the landlords of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and Mary Till, n. © e Lillingston, the stepson of Berkeley Codd. He was a lawyer in Delaware who occupied Andrew Hamilton II at the palace in 1712. Andrew Hamilton II and Mary Till Hamilton had two sons, Andrew and William Hamilton.
Legacy
Hamilton Watch Company was named after Andrew Hamilton's son James Hamilton, the original owner of the site in Lancaster.
Awards
During World War II, a Liberty Ship was commissioned, SS Andrew Hamilton in Hamilton's honor.
References
External links
- Articles in Philadelphia Reflections
- Articles on Encyclopedia.com
- Andrew Hamilton Esq. A site dedicated to research that appears in Andrew Hamilton, Esq.
- Andrew Hamilton in the Search of the Mausoleum
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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