Allentown (Pennsylvania Netherlands: Allenschteddel ) is a city located in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the third largest city in Pennsylvania and the 231rd largest city in the United States. At the 2010 census, the city has a total population of 118,032 and is currently the fastest growing city in all of Pennsylvania. It is the largest city in a metropolitan area known as the Lehigh Valley, which has a population of 821,623 inhabitants in 2010. Allentown is part of the Joint Statistics Territory of New York City and is the seat of government of Lehigh County. In 2012, the city celebrates its 250th anniversary of its founding in 1762.
Located on the Lehigh River, Allentown is the largest of the three adjacent towns, in Northampton and Lehigh district, which make up the eastern Pennsylvania region known as the Lehigh Valley. Allentown is 50 miles (80 km) north-northwest of Philadelphia, the sixth most populous city in the United States, 90 miles (140 km) east-northeast of Harrisburg, the state capital, and 90 miles (140 km) west of New York City largest nation.
Lehigh Norfolk Line on the Norfolk Southern Railway (formerly the main railway line of Lehigh Valley using the main railway lines of Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad), across Allentown eastward across the Delaware River. The Reading Lane of Norfolk Southern Railway runs through Allentown westward to Reading, Pennsylvania.
Allentown is cited as a "national success story" in April 2016 by the Urban Land Institute for urban rebuilding and transformation, one of only six communities in the so-called country.
Video Allentown, Pennsylvania
Histori
Origins
In the early 1700s, the land now occupied by the towns of Allentown and Lehigh County is a wild forest where tribes of neighboring American Indians find trout and hunt deer, grouse, and other games. In 1736, a large area north of Philadelphia, which includes the current Allentown site and what is now Lehigh County, is home to 23 heads from five Native American nations to John, Thomas, and Richard Penn, son of William Penn. Prices for these channels include shoes and buckles, hats, shirts, knives, scissors, combs, needles, glasses, rums, and pipes.
The land that will be Allentown is part of the 5,000 acre (20 km km) plot Allen purchased on September 10, 1735 from his business partner, Joseph Turner, who was given a warrant to the ground by Thomas Penn, son of William Penn, on May 18, 1732.
The field was initially surveyed on 23 November 1736. The next survey was conducted in 1753 by David Schultz for a road from Easton to Reading, where Union and Jackson roads are currently connected, indicating the location of Allen's wooden house, located near the western edge Jordan Creek, which is believed to be built around 1740. Used primarily as a hunting and fishing lodge, here Allen entertained important guests including his brother-in-law, James Hamilton, and Pennsylvania colonial governor John Penn.
Establishment
The area now central Allentown was set up as the City of Northampton in 1762 by William Allen, a wealthy merchant merchant, former mayor of Philadelphia and then Chief Judge of the Pennsylvania Province. It is likely that some competition with Pennsylvania prompted Judge Allen to decide to start a town of his own in 1762.
Ten years earlier, in 1752, Northampton and Berks County had been formed, each with county seats, Easton and Reading, respectively. It is recorded that, in 1763, exactly one year after the founding of Allentown, an attempt was made to have the county seat moved from Easton to the new city. For this effort William Allen lends all his influence as Supreme Court Justice and also as Andrew Hamilton's son-in-law. The influence of Penns, however, applies, and Easton is maintained as a county seat of all the vast areas that the famous "Walking Purchase" has opened up.
The original plan for the city, now in the Pennsylvania History Society archive, consists of forty-two city blocks and consists of 756 lots, mostly 60 feet (18 m) in width and 230 feet (70 m) in depth. It is located between Streets Fourth and Tenth Streets, and Union and Liberty Streets. Many paths on the original plan were named for the children of Allen: Margaret (now Fifth Street), William (now Sixth), James (now Eighth), Ann (now Ninth) and John (now Walnut). Allen Street (now Seventh) is named for Allen himself, and is the main road. Hamilton Street was named for James Hamilton. Gordon Street was named for Sir Patrick Gordon, Deputy Governor of Colonial Pennsylvania from 1726-1736. Chew Street was named for Benjamin Chew, and Turner Street was named for Allen's business partner, Joseph Turner.
Allen hopes that Northampton Town will replace Easton as Northampton County center and also become a commercial hub for its location along the Lehigh River and its proximity to Philadelphia. Allen gave the property to his son James in 1767. Three years later, in 1770, James built a summer residence, Trout Hall, in a new town, near the location of his father's hunting lodge.
On 18 March 1811, the city was officially established as a small town of Northampton Town. On March 6, 1812, Lehigh County was formed from the western part of Northampton County, and Northampton Town was elected a county seat. The city was officially renamed "Allentown" on April 16, 1838, after years of popular use. Allentown was officially included as a city on March 12, 1867.
American Revolutionary War
The beginning of the American Revolutionary War began in Northampton County on December 21, 1774 when the Observation Committee for Northampton County was formed by American patriots. At that time, there were 54 homes in Northampton (Allentown), and a population of about 330. With the Declaration of Independence, the British Colonial government in Allentown began to collapse and the militia patriots took control. Border justice replaces the rule of law because the passionate patriots busied themselves not by fighting against the British but by seizing local political forces and torturing their peaceful neighbors. Patriots suppress Tories from Northampton County, and plans are made to raise the militia. The burden of supplying military troops logistically affects the people, and the demand for food, wheat, cattle, horses, and fabrics becomes commonplace.
After the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776, the Hessian prisoners of war were kept around the streets of Seventh and Gordon Streets now. The Old Zion of Reform Church, and a house near James (now Eighth) and Hamilton Streets, serve as a hospital for the wounded and sick Continental Army troops. In 1777, a factory producing paper cartridges for guns was relocated to Allentown from nearby Bethlehem. That same year, a sixteen armor shop was established along Little Lehigh Creek and was employed in weapons repair and saddle and sarong making.
James J. Haurer claimed that General George Washington, with his staff, shortly after the battle of Trenton, passed Allentown, above Water Street, which is now Lehigh Street. They stopped at the foot of the road in a big spring where it is now a property occupied by Wire Mill. There are several springs around on both sides of the road, and near Wire Street. They rested and watered their horses, then went to their post.
In 1777, Toryism was in power in Bethlehem. The government felt it was necessary to remove their cartridge manufacture to a safer place, and the city of Northampton (Allentown) was selected to repair weapons and bayonets and saddle making. Captain Styles is responsible for military supplies, while John Tyler and Ebenezer Cowell are armor shields in employing state run factories. Sixteen local shields, including Johannes Moll, are actively involved in repair work at the plant. Wood is purchased locally, which provides the charcoal required for forging operations, as well as replacing damaged supplies from damaged rifles.
Liberty Bell
Allentown holds the historical significance as the location where the Liberty Bell (then known as the bell of Pennsylvania State House) was successfully concealed from England during the American Revolutionary War. After the defeat of George Washington at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was helpless, and the city was prepared for the British attack. The Commonwealth Commonwealth Executive Council ordered that eleven bells, including the bells of the State House and the bells of Philadelphia's Christ Church and St. John's Church. Peter, was taken down and expelled from the city to prevent England, which would melt the bell. down to throw to the cannon, from taking their holdings. The bell was carried by John Snyder and Heinrich Bartholomew, two locals assigned by the Supreme Administrative Council of Pennsylvania, north to Northampton-Towne, and hidden in the basement of the Reformed Old Zion Church, in what is now the center of Allentown.
Two master wagons played an important role in this historic (Liberty Bell) journey from Philadelphia to Bethlehem. John Snyder and Henry Bartolomeus were employed by the Supreme Executive Board, on the same day as the Liberty Bell journey, to deliver valuable money and paper from Philadelphia to Easton for protection. Recorded two highly respected ranchers with horses and horse-drawn carriages were entrusted with "papers for guard, a barrel and a big chest". They did more than one trip. On one trip from Pittston, New Jersey, these two guys brought ammunition and books to be kept safely in Easton. The only highway to this city came through Germantown via Bethlehem and then east to Easton.
Today, a temple and museum in the church's basement, known as the Liberty Bell Museum, marks the spot where the bells are hidden.
Beginning Allentown
After the turmoil of the Revolution, Northampton Town grew slowly. In 1782 there were fifty-nine houses and over a hundred cows stuck in the city. The city was described by a visitor in 1783: "Someone got a glimpse of many nice stone houses, many of them very tidy, and everything about the place showed good order and attention.. The people especially the Germans who spoke poor English and were pathetic Germany. "In 1795, US. Gazetteer describes Allentown as:
The handsome and thriving Northampton town, located in a beautiful location at the crossroads of the Jordan and Little Lehigh. It is regularly organized and contains about ninety residences, German Lutheran and Calvinist (Sion) Churches, Academy and three merchant factories.
In 1792, the land north of the Lehigh Valley was purchased by the Lehigh Coal Mine Company. However, it was difficult to haul coal on the primitive trace system that existed at the time so that very little was mined. In 1818 the Lehigh Navigation Company was formed and construction began on a navigable canal to transport coal from Mach Chunk (Jim Thorpe today) to Easton on the Delaware River. The Lehigh canal was completed for navigation up and down in 1829, to 46.6 miles along the east side of the Lehigh River. Its development is the single biggest factor in making anthracite coal as one of America's most important domestic and industrial fuels. However, the operational life of the canal was short. In 1855, the first railway line was built on the west side of the Lehigh River and the competition between them resulted in a steady deceleration of the canal traffic.
Until 1803, residents of Northampton City received their letter in Bethlehem. However, at the Compass and Square Hotel at Center Square (Penn National Bank building today) a post office was established. After reaching a population of over 700 in the 1810 Census of the United States, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania gave Northampton Town a legal existence on 18 March 1811 by including it as - Borough Northampton, in Northampton County. The first business of the Borough government is to order cows to look for pastures other than public roads. An action that led many of its citizens to believe that they were better off in Northampton Town, before becoming Borough. In 1812, Lehigh County was formed by partitioning a part of Northampton County, and Northampton was designated as its county seat.
In the early 1800s, the city of Allen, or Allentown, as the region began to be called since then no longer a part of Northampton County, continues to grow mainly as a court and municipal market. The name became so common that in 1838, the name was officially changed to "Allentown." The first bank, Northampton Bank. inaugurated in July 1814 and stands at the northeast corner of Center Square, where the Allentown National Bank Building stands today. It was also in this period that the first Hamilton Road Bridge, a 530-foot long chain structure, was built on the Lehigh River. It consists of two hanging lanes, one for east and one for western traffic, and a toll house on the western end.
The 1840s was especially bad for Allentown. The 1841 flood swept across Hamilton Street Bridge and caused widespread damage to parts of the city's rivers. The Northampton Bank failed in 1843 because of speculation and caused financial ruin for many families. Then a major fire on June 1, 1848 set fire to most of the Central Business District between Seventh and Eighth Street in Hamilton. However, during the 1850s, the city recovered economically with a new bridge at Lehigh, a brick building replacing the burning wood on Hamilton Street, and in 1852, the first Allentown Exhibition was held.
Civil War
Worried about rising tensions between North and South America, residents in Lehigh and Northampton districts in Pennsylvania "held a public meeting in Easton" to consider the posture of affairs and to take steps for support from the National Government, '"according to Alfred Mathews and Austin N Hungerford, author of the History of Lehigh and Carbon Countries at the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania At this meeting on April 13, 1861, these citizens chose to establish and equip new military units, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and placed Tilghman H. Good in charge, commissioned the rank of lieutenant colonel Good, commander of the Fourth Regiment of the Pennsylvania National Guard at the time, previously serving as captain of Allen Rifles, Lehigh County militia established in 1849, and then proceeding to become mayor three times from Allentown.Captain Samuel Yohe of Easton was appointed a colonel of Volunteers Pennsylvania First, and Thomas W. Lynn was awarded the rank of major. William H. Gausler, another militia leader based in Allentown, Jordan Artillerists, was then tasked with leading Allen Rifles.
Then, after the Battle of Fort Sumter and the fort April 14 surrender to the Confederate forces, President Abraham Lincoln issued the proclamation of April 15, 1861, calling for the country's militia to provide 75,000 volunteers to defend the nation's capital. In response, Allentown sent Allen Infantry. Also known as "The Guards of Allen," the unit was commanded by Captain Thomas Yeager, and deployed to serve in Harrisburg on April 18, 1861. During their three months, which lasted until July 23, 1861, the Allenton people primarily performed guard duties and , as one of the first five militia units sent by Pennsylvania to Washington, DC, Allen Infantry helped block Confederate States from carrying out any plan they had to seize the city. In recognition of this initial service, soldiers from Allen Infantry, Logan Guards (Lewistown), National Light Infantry (Pottsville), Ringgold Light Artillery (Reading), and Washington Artillerists (Pottsville) are known as "First Defenders of Pennsylvania."
Both Allen Rifles and Jordan Artillerists were subsequently incorporated into the First Pennsylvania Volunteer, and deployed to service as Company I in Harrisburg on April 20, 1861, narrowly missed the opportunity to be named First Defender. After completing their three-month service, people from my Company were honorably discharged, and also gathered in Harrisburg on July 23, 1861.
Regiment 47, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry
On August 5, 1861, Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin authorized Tilghman H. Bagus to raise a new regiment, the 47th Pennsylvania Infantry. Assigned as the 47th Colonel of the Pennsylvania Volunteer, Safe Assistance from William H. Gausler, assigned as Major with central command staff of the regiment, and John Peter Shindel Gobin, an officer with Sunbury's Guard in Northumberland County, who was authorized to form his unit himself and who would later become Pennsylvania state senator and state lieutenant governor.
Companies B, G, I and K from Regiment 47, Pennsylvania Infantry Volunteers were recruited at Allentown, Company F in Catasauqua, Company A and E in Easton, Company C at Sunbury, and Company D and H in Perry County. The only Pennsylvania regiment that fought in the 1863 Campaign of the Red River Union Force in Louisiana, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers also participated in the Union Army's capture of Saint John's Bluff, Florida (October 1-3, 1862), Battle of Pocotaligo, South Carolina (21 -23 October 1862), and Sherando's Shenandoah Valley campaign in 1864, including the Battle of Berryville, Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek in Virginia, and also helped defend the nation's capital after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
Other known Civil War units from Allentown are the 5th Pennsylvania Infantry, 41, 128, and 176.
On October 19, 1899, the city established and dedicated the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, which still stands in the central square of Allentown, in honor of Union troops from Allentown and the local towns of Lehigh Valley and the boroughs that died in the Civil War.
Industrialization
The opening of the Lehigh Canal led to a fundamental shift in the nature of Allentown and the Lehigh Valley, as it evolved well from rural areas dominated by German-speaking people into urban industrial areas. It expanded the commercial and industrial capacity of the city greatly. With this, the city underwent significant industrialization, which eventually became a major center for heavy industry and manufacturing.
The real ground for urban industrial development is due to necessity. David Deshler, the first shopkeeper in the city, opened a sawmill in 1782. In 1814 the list of industrial plants in the city included a mill, a saw factory, two saddle makers, a tannery and tan, a wool factory, a woven card Ã, Â · Plants, two thieves, two tobacco sellers, two watchmakers, and two printers. In 1855, the first train reached Allentown. This is a direct competition for moving coal with the Lehigh Canal. Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad ordered four locomotives and stations established in Easton, Allentown, and Mauch Chunk. The train was operated in September of that year. Connections to New York are made through Central Railroad of New Jersey and then connections with Philadelphia are made through Perkiomen trains operating between Norristown and Freemansburg.
It was Henry Leh who started the true industrialization of Allentown in 1861. Union Army needed shoes. Since Simon Cameron, the war secretary, came from Pennsylvania, many government contracts flowed into the state of Keystone. Leh took off his shoes and ready-made clothing store in Allentown in 1850. If the Union Army needed shoes and shoes, he would make it. In addition to Leh shoes and boots industry, during the Civil War, eight brick yards, sawmills, Cat Allentown factories, two shoe factories, piano factories, flour mills, factories and distillations have been opened in the city.
Iron ore beds had been found in the hills around Allentown in the 1840s, and the furnace was built in 1846 for the production of rough iron by the Allentown Iron Company. This stove was opened in 1847 under the supervision of Samuel Lewis, an expert in iron production, and this led to the opening of plants for a wide variety of metal products. The Allentown Rolling Mill Company was the incorporation of several small companies in 1860 and became the most significant iron company in the city. It employs many people and produces more iron products than others. Although not as large as the iron and steel industry in neighboring Bethlehem, in the second half of the nineteenth century, Allentown became a major iron-producing center.
The Allentown Boiler Works was founded in 1883 by Charles Collum. He and his partner, John D. Knouse, built large facilities in Third and Gordon Streets in First Ward, near the Lehigh Valley Railroad yard to the east near Jeter (later Kline's) Island. The business produces various types of iron products, used in the White House and at the United States Military Academy in West Point, NY. Boilers and kilns are used throughout the United States, as well as in Canada, Cuba, and the Philippines.
In addition to the iron and rail industry, Allentown also has a strong tradition in brewing and is home to several famous factories, including Brewery Horlacher (founded in 1897, closed 1978), Neuweiler Brewery (founded in 1875, closed 1968) and Schaefer Beer, whose brewing was later owned by Pabst Brewing Company and Guinness but now owned by Boston Beer Company, maker of Samuel Adams.
Brick making flourished in the city until after World War I, clay dug in various parts of society proves very suitable for the manufacture of building bricks and fire bricks. Bricks are the first product to be delivered outside the Allentown area by train and sold nationwide. Food processing began with an early baker, who came to town with the first settlers. In 1887, Wilson Arbogast and Morris C. Bastian formed Arbogast and Bastian, in which commercial slaughter was performed on a large scale.
With industry, Allentown became the premier banking and financial center. William H. Ainey was born in Susquehanna area, November 30, 1834. In 1860 he set up the Allentown Saving Institution and was elected his first president. In 1863-64, the Second National Bank of Allentown was organized. He was elected the first president, a position he filled up to the time of his death. Ainey is the main financier of the city's industrial and retail growth. Through its industry and assistance, the following industries were established: The Iowa Barb Wire Co., which was later absorbed by American Steel and Wire Co.; The Pioneer Silk Factory, The Palace Silk Mill, and Allentown Spinning Company.
In the late 1870s, the Allentown iron industry collapsed. This has put the city economy under pressure and to prevent this from happening again, efforts are made to develop a diversified industrial base. Convincing the Phoenix Manufacturing Company to open a silk factory in Allentown was the first major success of the effort. The success of the Adelaide factory at Race and Court Streets led to the opening of the Pioneer silk factory in 1886 and the city was established as a silk manufacturing center. With many additional businesses, the silk industry became the largest in the city and remained so until the end of the 20th century. In 1914 there were 26 factories in Allentown, which in 1928, when rayon was introduced to 85 plants. More than 10,000 people were employed in the Allentown silk industry at its peak during the 1940s.
Jack and Gus Mack moved their motorcycle factory to Allentown from Brooklyn, NY in 1905; took over the former Weaver-Hirsh foundry factory on South 10th Street. By 1914, Mack Trucks had developed a reputation for learning and dependability. Many were sent to the Western Front's battlefield in France before the United States entered World War I in 1917. Britain gave Mack AC five and seven tons of "Bulldog" nicknames. Mack eventually has a total of eight factories in Allentown. In the post-World War II era, the Western Electric plant at Union Boulevard was announced on October 11, 1945, after a nationwide search for a new manufacturing plant. On October 1, 1951, the world's first transistor production began at the Allentown plant of Western Electric. That would be the backbone of the communications revolution. For years the factory was at the forefront of the postwar electronic revolution.
Max Hess came to Allentown in 1896 on a business trip and dreamed of a department store serving the area. He moved his family from Perth Amboy, New Jersey, in 1897. Max and his brother Charles opened the Hess Brothers on the streets of Ninth and Hamilton. In the first half of the 20th century, Hess Brothers was a shopping destination. Flamboyant and excitement is the cornerstone of a store. It is famous for its fashion clothes as a result of introducing the latest trends from Europe. Opened in 1926, the Zollinger-Harned Company became Allentown's third major department store in the Central Business District.
By the mid-20th century, Allentown had become a major retail and entertainment center separate from Philadelphia and New York City. The establishment of Hess Brothers, H. Leh and the Company and Zollinger Department store led to the growth of the retail business sector in the Central Business District. There are dozens of smaller retail stores, along with many restaurants, hotels, banks, and professional offices in "downtown", as they are called. In addition to shopping, at least seven theaters and stage theaters are located along Hamilton Street between Fifth and Tenth Streets.
End of the 20th century
By the mid-1960s, the Allentown economy had grown tremendously over the decades. However, beginning in the 1970s, the economy and demography of the city began to change.
Increased taxes in cities and inability to extend the boundaries of municipal law led to the migration of baby boomers to live beyond the city limits. Cities like Salisbury, South Whitehall, and Whitehall have extensive farmland which is the prime location for large housing to be built. Allentown began to be depleted from the next generation of working class, who began migrating to newer, cheaper housing in the suburbs that also offered lower taxes, greenspace, less crime, and a new school.
With demographic changes beginning in the 1970s and continuing into the 1980s and 1990s, the city government and the Allentown school district were left with fewer resources. The city's lack of finance increases the number of working-class families leaving Allentown due to the Allentown School's lack of schools and the demographic changes in the urban environment, especially in the city center. With the departure of many working-class families from the older downtown neighborhood, many homes were sold to landlords who turned them into cheap multi-family apartments that became government subsidies due to the weakness of zoning law enforcement and permissive city codes. Subsidized housing attracts new immigrants to the area from New York and Philadelphia looking for a better life in the more affordable area of ​​Allentown, but begins the problem of poverty with many of the population in need of inadequate social services easily reached by the city.
As school environments and systems continue to decline, Allentown, like many other cities, focuses all the attention and resources on Hamilton Street Retail and the Central Business District, ignoring the environment around them. This compounded the city's widespread decline. With growing populations in cities, more and more shopping centers along with other services are built out of town to accommodate the needs of their growing population. In 1966, Mal Whitehall, the first closed-door shopping center north of Philadelphia opened. Ten years later in 1976, a larger Lehigh Valley Mall was built north of the Lehigh Valley Thruway (Route 22 US). Shops in the downtown shopping district are beginning to close and be replaced by shops that are less affluent customers than in the past. Large areas of downtown are torn down for parking and the downtown business district is being rebuilt in an effort to compete with suburban shopping areas. However, Hamilton Mall's concept of closed sidewalks and reduced traffic ultimately did not work. Two of the city's major department stores, Leh and Zollingers closed in 1990. The third, Hess's was sold to The Bon-Ton in 1994, which was closed in 1996. The closing of Hess's and the fate of 1993 from the Corporate Center, the business center new in the new town on North Seventh Street, became the victim of a huge hole that caused the last curse and destruction.
Combined with this, the manufacturing economies of the Northeastern United States began to suffer from deindustrialization. That has caused many factories and companies based in Allentown to close or move. Mack Trucks moved to Greensboro, North Carolina, LSI Corporation (formerly Western Electric, then Agere Systems, which joined LSI Logic), moved its headquarters to California, and many factories stopped operating. With an eroding economic production base, more and more high-paying industrial jobs are being replaced with low-paying jobs in the services sector.
21st century
In the 2000s and 2010s, the Allentown economy, like most of Pennsylvania, has been based in the service industry with several manufactures. There is also significant growth in the health care, transportation and warehousing industries.
Allentown Economic Development Corporation (AEDC) operates a business incubator, Bridgeworks, which helps attract and support young commercial and manufacturing businesses. In addition, the Environmental Enhancement Zone (NIZ) was created by the State Legislature of Pennsylvania in 2009 to foster development and revitalization in Allentown. NIZ consists of about 128 acres (52 acres) in downtown Allentown and the new Riverfront district (west side of the Lehigh River). As a result, the Central Business District has been rebuilt with the new Allentown PPL Center arena, a full-service Renaissance Hotel and a rebuilt office building.
In addition to the Central Business District, the Lehigh River's riverside area is being rebuilt with the construction of apartment buildings and various offices. There is also an effort made to bring the rural residents back to the city. City-center apartment complexes, such as Strata Lofts I and II, are being built to provide rentals primarily for the millennium generation working in new office buildings. The empty boomer nester and Gen-X residents are attracted to condominium dwellings like the rebuilt Livingston Building and Farr Lofts, as well as the newly planned gray condominiums in downtown Lima City Center Complex. In addition to residences and office buildings, new retail and restaurant stores are being built as part of NIZ development.
Maps Allentown, Pennsylvania
Geography
Topography
According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​18.0 square miles (46.6 km 2 ). 17.8 square miles (46.1 km 2 ) is ground and 0.2 square miles (0.5 km 2 ) is water. The waters include the Jordan River and its tributaries, Little Lehigh Creek, which joins the city limits and are empty to the Lehigh River. Other water bodies within the city limits include Lake Muhlenberg on Cedar Creek Parkway and a pond at Trexler Park.
The city is located in the Lehigh Valley, a geographical area bounded by Blue Mountain, the Appalachian mountain ridge, which varies from 1,000 to 1,600 feet (490 m) in height to about 17 miles (27 km) north of the city, and South Mountain, a hill as high as 500 to 1,000 feet (300 m) bordering the southern edge of the city.
This town is a county seat in Lehigh County. The adjacent areas are the Carbon District to the north; Northampton County to the northeast and east; Bucks County to the southeast; Montgomery County to the south; and Berks County and Schuylkill County in the west.
Cityscape and the environment
The City Center, which covers downtown areas and 7th Street retail and residential corridors, is a city's central business district and sites from various downtown, county and federal government. To the east of Center City is "The Wards," a residential area that flourished during the industrial boom of the city at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century. Just east of the Lehigh River is the residential neighborhood of the city's East Side, which is largely bordered by routes to nearby Bethlehem. South of Center City, and across from Little Lehigh Creek, is the neighborhood of the South Side of the city, which restricts Emmaus. The West End of Allentown, with a mix of commercial corridors, cultural centers, and larger single-family residence, starts around west 15th Street.
The highest building of the Town Center is the PPL Building at 322Ã, ft (98 m). The Allentown Art Museum, the Allentown Symphony Hall, the original and flagship store site owned by Hess Department Store, Baum School of Art, the Lehigh County Historical Society, and Heritage Museum, and The Liberty Bell Museum are renowned spots in the City Center. The Central Business District has several office buildings (One City Center, Dime Savings and Trust Company, Two City Centers, and several others are planned), an indoor arena 8,641 seats (PPL Center) opened in August 2014, costing $ 177.1 million to build, Americus Hotel and Marriott Hotel are scheduled to open in January 2015,
Plans for the major redevelopment of the Central Business District Allentown were announced at the end of 2009 as a result of the Environmental Enhancement Area (NIZ) legislation passed by the Pennsylvania legislature. Focusing on the 7th and Hamilton Streets area, a 5-hectare (2.0-hectare) block of square blocks was obtained in 2011 in which several new structures were planned or established: The project has raised concerns that centered on the enormous cost of efforts from funding the plan. The estimated cost of the current project is $ 277 million. As of October 2012, $ 224.3 million in bonds has been sold.
The existing structure was destroyed in early 2012. Some lawsuits filed against the project are completed by mid-2012, and development by 2015 is largely over for the first phase.
Architecture
The city of Allentown is characterized by a large stock of historic homes, commercial structures and century-old industrial buildings.
Allentown's Center City neighborhood is mainly comprised of various Victorian and Federal rowhomes. The magnificent houses around West Park are mostly Victorian and Craftsman styles. The houses on the streets lined the towns of the West End were mostly built in the 1920s and 1940s. The houses on the East Side and South Side City are a mixture of architectural styles and are generally single and twin family homes built from the 1940s until the 1960s but there are also some older Victorian homes. Allentown also has loft apartments in converted factories and historic brick-making buildings and high-rise modern and historic apartment buildings.
The PPL building is the tallest building in Allentown at 322 feet (98 m). It is 23 stories high and located on the northwest corner of 9th and Hamilton Street. It was designed by New York architectural firm Helme, Corbett, and Harrison. Wallace Harrison came to Allentown to design the building, which is a prototype for the Art Deco Rockefeller Center architecture in New York City. Friezes decorative on the exterior of the building designed by Alexander Archipenko. Built between 1926-28 and opened to the public on July 16, 1928. It has been illuminated at night since it opened and sunny weather, the tower can be seen from the north as far as the Blue Mountain Ski Area.
One of the city's surviving structures, Miller Symphony Hall, on 23 North Sixth Street, dates from 1896 and was originally a city public marketplace. Originally known as the Lyric Theater, it is a major performing arts facility in Allentown, home of the Allentown Symphony Orchestra, as well as Pennsylvania Sinfonia, Allentown Community Concert, Allentown Band, and Lehigh Valley Community Music School. Built around 1896 as the Central Market Hall, the structure was converted into a theater in 1899 by architectural firm J.B. McElfatrick and renamed Lyric Theater. Perhaps one of only a dozen famous McElfatrick designs still standing, the building has become a large hall, used for vaudeville shows, silent films, symphonic orchestras, and other forms of entertainment for more than a century.
There are three historic districts in Allentown: Old Allentown, Old Fairgrounds and West Park neighborhoods. Old Allentown and Old Fairgrounds are the City Center areas that conduct a joint home tour organized by the Old Allentown Conservation Association (OAPA) once a year in September. The West Park neighborhood also offers guided tours to the larger Victorian and Craftsman houses in the district.
City Park
Many of the city park systems can be attributed to the efforts of industrialist Harry Clay Trexler. Inspired by the City Beautiful movement in the early 20th century, Trexler helped create the West Park, a 6,59-acre (26,700 m 2 ) park in a place that later became a community garbage and sand baseball field in an upscale area city. The park, which opened in 1909, features a bandshell, designed by the famous Philadelphia architect Horace Trumbauer, who has long been home to Allentown Band and other community bands. Trexler also facilitates the development of Trexler Park, Cedar Parkway, Allentown Municipal Golf Course and Trout Nursery on the Lehigh Parkway. Trexler is also responsible for the development of the Trexler Trust, which to this day continues to provide personal funding for the maintenance and development of the Allentown park system.
Taman kota di Allentown termasuk Bicentennial Park (4.600 kursi mini-stadion yang dibangun untuk acara olahraga), Cedar Creek Parkway (127 hektar, termasuk Danau Muhlenberg, Cedar Beach dan Malcolm W. Gross Memorial Rose Garden), East Side Reservoir (15 hektar) , Irving Street Park, Kimmets Lock Park (5 hektar), Lehigh Canal Park (55 hektar), Lehigh Parkway (999 hektar), Old Allentown Cemetery (4 hektar), Jordan Park, South Mountain Reservoir (157Â hektar), Trexler Memorial Park (134 hektar), Trout Creek Parkway (100 hektar), Joe Daddona Park (19 hektar), Keck Park, Percy Ruhe Park (Alton Park) dan West Park (6,59 hektar).
Iklim
Allentown has a humid continental climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Dfa ), using 32 degree isotherms. Summer is usually hot and humid, autumn and spring are generally mild, and winters are very cold. Precipitation is almost evenly throughout the year.
The average temperature in January was 27.8 Â ° F (-2.3 Â ° C), and the lowest officially recorded temperature was -15 Â ° F (-26 Â ° C) on 21 January 1994. Average- and the highest temperature on record was 105 Â ° F (41 Â ° C) on July 3, 1966. Early autumn and mid-winter are generally dry, with February being the driest month with only 2.75 inches (70 mm) of average rainfall.
Snowfall varies, with some winters carrying light snow and others carrying many significant snow storms. The mean snowfall is 34 inches (86 cm) on a seasonal basis, with January and February receiving the highest in more than 11 and 9 inches (230 mm) respectively. Rainfall generally spreads throughout the year, with eight to twelve wet days per month, at an average annual rate of 43.52 inches (110.54 cm).
Allentown is under the USDA 6b factory defense zone.
Demographics
In the 2010 census, the city was 58.5% White (43.2% non-Hispanic white), 12.5% ​​Black or African American (10.2% non-Hispanic black), 0.8% Native American (non -Hispanik), 2.2% Asian (non-Hispanic), and 5.0% are two or more races. 42.8% of the population is of Hispanic or Latino descent, largely composed of Puerto Rican people. 14.6% of the population was born overseas.
In the 2000 census, there were 106,632 people and 25,135 families living in the city. Population density is 6,011.5 inhabitants per square mile (2,320.8/km ²). There are 45,960 housing units with an average density of 2,591.1 per square mile (1,000,3/km²). City's racial makeup is 72.55% White, 7.85% African American, 0.33% Native American, 2.27% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Island, 13.37% of other races, and 3.55 % of two or more races. 24.44% of the population is Hispanic or Latino.
There are 42,032 households in the city, of which 28.8% have children under the age of 18, 39.4% have married couples living together, 15.1% have unmarried female households present, and 40.2% have non-family. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.8% had someone living alone 65 or older. The average household size of the city is 2.42 and the average family size is 3.09.
Urban populations broken down by age range were 24.8% below 18, 11.2% from 18-24, 29.8% from 25-44, 19.1% from 45-64, and 15.1% 65 years or more. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 women, there are 91.8 men. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there are 87.7 men.
The average income for households in the city is $ 32,016, and the average income for families is $ 37,356. Men have an average income of $ 30,426 compared to $ 23,882 for women. The per capita income for the city is $ 16,282. 18.5% of the population and 14.6% of families are below the poverty line. 29.4% of those under the age of 18 and 10.3% of those aged 65 and older live below the poverty line. The unemployment rate for the entire Lehigh Valley region was 9.8% in February 2010, with Allentown unemployment estimated at more than 10%.
Economy
The Allentown economy is historically manufacturing-based, but with more recent changes to a more service-oriented economy due to the decline of the rust belt in general in heavy industry. The city serves as the corporate headquarters location for several major global companies, including Air Products & amp; Chemicals, PPL, and others. The largest companies in Allentown are the Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, with over 7,800 employees.
The City Center area along Hamilton Street between 5 and 10 Street is used to be the main shopping district in Allentown. During the 1960s and 1970s, several shopping centers were built in and around Allentown. South Mall, Lehigh Valley Mall, and Whitehall Mall are now a popular choice for shopping. Also in 2006, The Promenade Shops in Saucon Valley, opened south of the city, in Upper Saucon Township. Instead of downtown Allentown being a shopping center, its use has turned into an office building and a city center campus for local government workers, along with PPL workers.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Roads and buses
Four freeways pass through the Allentown area, with the associated exit to the city: Interstate 78, which runs from Harrisburg west to the Holland Tunnel in New York City to the east; The Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, (which is part of I-476), runs from the Plymouth Meeting just outside Philadelphia in the south to Interstate 81 at Clarks Summit in the north; Pennsylvania Route 309, which runs from Philadelphia in the south to the Wyoming Valley in the north; and Route 22 US, which runs from Cincinnati, Ohio in the west to Newark, New Jersey to the east. Public parking in Allentown is managed by the Allentown Parking Authority.
Ada sembilan jalan masuk utama ke Allentown: Airport Road, Cedar Crest Boulevard, Fullerton Avenue, Hamilton Boulevard, Lehigh Street, Mauch Chunk Road, Pennsylvania Route 145 (MacArthur Road), Tilghman Street, dan Union Boulevard.
Public buses in Allentown are provided by LANTA, a public bus system serving Lehigh and Northampton Counties. Allentown Transportation Center in downtown Allentown serves as a major hub for LANTA buses. Several private bus lines serve Allentown. These include the Bieber Transportation Group offering direct services to Philadelphia, Reading and midpoints, Trans-Bridge Line that offers direct services to New York City Port Authority Bus Terminal and midpoints, and Fullington Trailways offering direct service to Hazleton , Philadelphia and middle points.
Rel
Allentown was once the center of the passenger rail, served by the Central Railroad of New Jersey (using Lehigh and Susquehanna Railways), Lehigh and New England Railroad, Lehigh Valley Railway, Reading Train, Lehigh Valley Transit Company and then, Conrail. The route serves Wilkes-Barre and Scranton to the north, Buffalo and Williamsport to the northwest, Reading, and Harrisburg to the west, Jersey City and New York City to the east, and Philadelphia to the south.
Today the Southern Lehigh Railway Line (formerly the main Lehigh Valley railway line used the New Jersey Central Railway railway leased in Allentown owned by Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad), crossed the eastern city across the Delaware River. Reading Line Norfolk Southern Railway runs through Allentown west to Reading, Pennsylvania.
Allentown does not currently have a passenger train service (the last service by SEPTA ceased operations in 1979) but one of its two major train stations remains standing. In November 2008, the Lehigh Valley Economic Development Corporation (LVEDC), together with both Lehigh and Northampton Counties, commissioned a study to explore recovering part of the Black Diamond service (which lasted until 1961) by expanding the New Jersey Transit Raritan Valley Line to Allentown.
Allentown is a regional center for commercial freight trains. Today, South Norfolk's main hump is located in Allentown, and the city is also served by R.J. Corman Railroad Group.
Airport
The city's main airport, Lehigh Valley International Airport, is 5 miles (5 km) northeast of Allentown in Hanover Township and operated by the Lehigh-Northampton Airport Authority. The airport has direct flights to Atlanta, Detroit, Chicago-O'Hare, Charlotte, Philadelphia, and cities in Florida. The area is also serviced by Allentown Queen City Municipal Airport, a two runway facility located in South Allentown used primarily for private flights.
Utilities
Electricity in Allentown is provided by PPL Electric Utilities. UGI Utilities supplies natural gas. Two cable companies, RCN Corporation (originally Twin County Cable) and Service Electric, have been serving the city since the 1960s. The only landfill in the area, IESI Bethlehem, is located in nearby Bethlehem. Water and sewage, prior to 2013, is controlled by the city and is now under the operation of Lehigh County authorities as a result of a 50 year lease agreement. Rubbish, recycling, and waste pages are managed by the city.
Health care
Allentown is home to several hospitals and healthcare networks, including St. Health Network Luke, Sacred Heart Hospital, Lehigh Valley Health Network, and Good Shepherd Rehabilitation Network. Formerly, the city was home to Allentown State Hospital, a mental hospital closed in 2010.
Government and public safety
Politics and elections
Allentown operates as a third-class Pennsylvania city with a "mayor-strong" version of the mayor-government council form since 1970 where the mayor serves as chief executive and administrative officer for the municipality and the City Council functions as a legislative and supervisory body providing checks and balances on the system.
Elected "at-large", the mayor serves a four-year term under the city government charter. The current mayor of the city is Democrat Roger MacLean, who serves as mayor of acting after Ed Pawlowski resigns after being found guilty of corruption. The legislative branch, the Allentown City Council, is made up of seven widely elected councilors for a staggering four-year term. The City Council holds regular general meetings to enact legislation in the form of ordinances and resolutions. The current President of the City Council is Julio Guridy. City Controller, who is in charge of municipal oversight, was also elected and served a four-year term.
Federalally, Allentown is part of the 15th congress district in Pennsylvania, represented by Republican Charlie Dent since 2004. US Senator is Democrat, Bob Casey, Jr. and Republican Pat Toomey, was elected in 2010. The Pennsylvania governor is Democrat Tom Wolf.
Crime
For 2010, crime decreased in Allentown City for the fourth year in a row.
The decline was led by a 31 percent decline in the number of homicides from 13 to 9. Motor vehicle theft fell 11.4 percent. Theft fell 6.1 percent. Reported robbery, rape, and property crime also fell. There is a slight increase in the number of incidents and incendiary combustion. The number of violent crimes in the city has fallen by more than 30 percent since 2006.
Fire Department
The Allentown Fire Department (AFD) was established in 1870 and currently operates from 6 fire stations, located throughout the city. The Allentown Fire Department operates a fleet of fire apparatus 7 Machines (including 1 Quint), 1 Truck, 1 Haz-Mat. Unit, 1 Rescue Unit, 1 Fireboat, 1 Diving Trailer, 1 Unit of Bomb Unit, 1 Fire Investigation Unit and 2 Backup Machines and 1 Reserves Truck.
Education
Primary and secondary education
The city of Allentown is served by the Allentown School District, which is the fourth largest school district in Pennsylvania, with 18,118 students (based on enrollment data 2005-2006). A small part of the town located near Trexler Park is served by the Parkland School District. By 2013, registrations have dropped to 16,966 students. In July 2012, the Pennsylvania Education Department (PDE) released a report identifying seven Allentown School District schools as one of the lowest achieving schools for reading and math by 2011 and 2012. Eleven primary schools of the District, all four secondary schools and both high school is the school with 15% of the lowest schools in the Commonwealth.
The city has two public high schools for grades 9-12, William Allen High School, which serves students from the south and west of the city, and Louis E. Dieruff High School, which serves students from the eastern and northern parts. Each of these Allentown regional high schools competes athletically at the Eastern Pennsylvania Conference (PIAA). Both schools play their football matches at J. Birney Crum Stadium. Students may also attend Newcomer Academy at Midway Manor or Allentown School District Virtual Academy (grades 8-12).
The fourth-grade school of the Allentown School District, for grades 6-8, includes: Francis D. Raub Middle School, Harrison-Morton High School, South Mountain Secondary School and Trexler High School. The city is served by 16 elementary schools, for kindergarten to fifth grade, including: Central, Cleveland, Hiram W. Dodd, Jefferson, Lehigh Parkway, Lincoln, Luis A. Ramos, McKinley, Midway Manor, Mosser, Muhlenberg, Ritter , Roosevelt, Sheridan, Union Terrace, and Washington.
The Allentown School District is currently implementing a 10-year, $ 120 million facility improvement plan. The plan includes the renovation of all 23 schools in the district. Most of the schools to be renovated will be expanded. Two additional elementary and fifth secondary schools are expected to be built.
Allentown has two public charter schools: The Charter Roberto Clemente School, located at 4th and Walnut Streets in Allentown, is a Title I charter school that provides educational services for mainly Hispanic students in grades 6 through 12 and the Lincoln Leadership Academy Charter School provides the K-12th Program and is located at 1414 E. Cedar Street.
Allentown has two parish high schools, Allentown Central Catholic High School and Lehigh Valley Christian High School, although both schools attract students from Allentown and the suburbs. Other Allentown-based parochial schools (serving K-8 classes) include: Saint John Vianney Regional School, School of the Holy Spirit, Lehigh Christian Academy, Mercy's Special Study Center, Our Christian School, Sacred Heart School, and St. Thomas More School. The Roman Catholic affiliated parish school in Allentown is operated by Roman Catholic Diocese of Allentown. The Grace Montessori School is a pre-school and early Montessori primary school run as a Grace Episcopal Church outreach. The city also has a private Jewish school, the Jewish Day School.
Lastly, Allentown has two independent schools, CAI Learning Academy and The Swain School. Both schools are among the best in eastern Pennsylvania. After graduation, most students proceed to the local public high schools, the Moravian Academy, or the pesantren throughout the Northeast.
Colleges and universities
Two four-year colleges are located in Allentown: Cedar Crest College and Muhlenberg College. A satellite campus of Lehigh Carbon Community College (LCCC), a comprehensive community college offering two and four year degree programs, continuing education and industry training, is located in Center City Allentown. The Lehigh Valley campus at Pennsylvania State University is located in Center Valley, about nine miles from the city.
Other nearby universities include Moravian College and Lehigh University in Bethlehem and Lafayette College in Easton.
Media
Allentown media includes print, web, radio, and television. Allentown has two daily newspapers, Morning Call and The Express-Times and many weekly and monthly print publications. Allentown has the 68th largest radio market in the United States by Arbitron. Licensed stations for Allentown include WAEB-AM (talk, news and sports), WAEB-FM (Top 40 music), WDIY (NPR and public radio), WHOL (tropical music), WLEV (adult contemporary music), WMUH (Muhlenberg College campus radio), WSAN (Fox Sports Radio and Philadelphia Phillies broadcast), WZZO (hard rock music) and more. In addition, many New York City and Philadelphia stations are acceptable in Allentown.
Allentown is part of the Philadelphia media television market. WFMZ-TV Channel 69, based in Allentown, has studios and transmission sites on top of South Mountain. WLVT-TV, also based in Allentown, is a local PBS affiliate. The main Philadelphia-based networking stations serving Allentown include: KYW-TV (CBS), WCAU (NBC), WPVI-TV (ABC) and WTXF-TV (Fox). There are also networks and other local television stations.
Culture
Art and entertainment
The Allentown Symphony Orchestra performed at Allentown Symphony Hall, renamed Miller Symphony Hall, located on North Sixth Street in the city center. The city also has a musical heritage from a civilian concert band, and is home to the Allentown Band, the oldest civil concert band in the United States. Allentown Band, Allentown Sea Band, Allentown City Band and Allentown Pioneer Band are all regularly performing at bandshell in West Park city. Youth Education in the Arts, the sponsoring organization of The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps, is based in Allentown. City J. Birney Crum Stadium each year plays host to Drum Corps International Eastern Classic, which unites junior drums and top trumpet corps in the world for a two day event.
The city has a collection of public sculptures, including the DaVinci Horse, located on 5th Street. This statue is one of three in the world.
The Allentown Art Museum, located on North Fifth Street in the City Center, is home to a collection of over 13,000 works of art, along with related libraries. The Baum School of Art, located in downtown Allentown at 5th and Linden Streets, offers credit and non-credit classes in painting, drawing, ceramics, fashion design, jewelry making and more.
The Nineteenth Street Theater has an over 80-year history of producing theaters in the Lehigh Valley. Started by two newscasters in 1927 as the "Civic Little Theater", today the Nineteenth Street Theater relies on paid professional staff, the board of volunteer directors of the community, and volunteers from the region. The Civic Theater stands on three pillars: theater, film, and education. The Civic is a professionally managed, managed and managed theater that utilizes community actors in direct theatrical production. Civic also operates a full-time cinema in Lehigh Valley that exclusively features independent art, independent and foreign films and theater schools that have served the youth of the Valley for over 50 years.
Landmarks and popular locations
Allentown, Pennsylvania was founded in 1762 and is one of the oldest cities in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the United States. It has deep roots in the nation's history, became a hideout of the Liberty Bell during the American Revolution, and the oldest city cemetery has grave soldiers serving in the Continental Army. During its 250-year history, many of the buildings, bridges, parks, and other locations in this city have come and gone, but much remains, with no less than thirteen of them on the National Historic Site List.
Monument Soldiers and Sailors at Center Square, at the corner of the Seventh and Hamilton, topped by a statue representing the Goddess of Freedom. It was inaugurated on October 19, 1899. In 1957, the statue over the monument was removed due to a broken state. Replaced by a new sculpture in 1964.
Cuisine
Vestiges of Allentown's Pennsylvania German heritage remains present in cuisine, and foodstuffs such as scrapple, chow-chow, bologna Lebanese, slaw and apple butter are often found offered at local diners and the Allentown Farmer's Market. Small pies, birch beers, and mouthpieces are regularly found at local fairs. Some local churches make and sell fastnachts as a fundraiser for Fastnacht Day, the day before the start of Lent.
Since the city's population has increased, many national restaurants and fast food chains have been present in the city. More recently, the growth of the city's ethnic population has led to the opening of many family restaurants specializing in ethnic cuisine. The types of ethnic foods that are represented include China, Colombia, Dominica, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Lebanon, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Thailand and West India.
Due in part to near Allentown to Philadelphia, cheesesteaks are also popular. Hot Dog Yocco, a regional hot dog and cheesesteak company known for its six area locations, was founded in 1922 by Theodore Iacocca, uncle Lee Iacocca. In addition, A-Treat, a popular regional soft-drink brand, has been based in Allentown since 1918.
Sports
The history of professional baseball in Allentown began in 1884. Today, the city hosts the Minor-level Minor League Philadelphia Phillies baseball team, Lehigh Valley IronPigs. In 2008, Allentown launched Coca-Cola Park, a stadium worth $ 50.25 million, 8,100 seats on the east side of Allentown.
Allentown entertained Allentown Jets, the Eastern Professional Basketball team, from 1958 to 1981. The Jets were one of the most dominant franchises in league history, winning eight playoff titles and twelve division titles. The team cage match is played at Rockne Hall at Allentown Central Catholic High School.
The city is home to the Parkettes National Gymnastics Training Center, which has been a training ground for many Olympic athletes and US national gymnastics champions. In 2003, CNN broadcast a documentary on Parkettes, Reaching the Perfect 10 , which described it as a highly demanding and competitive gymnastics training center.
In 2014, the PPL Center, 8,500-seat ice hockey arena opened as home to Lehigh Valley Phantom, an American Hockey League affiliate of the Philadelphia Flyers. The arena is located in downtown Allentown, taking the entire block between 7th and 8th Street and Hamilton and Linden Streets. In a controversial decision, the city invited leading domains to help acquire the necessary properties and contractors
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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