Master of Laws or LL.M. ; Latin Magister Legum or Legum Magister ) is a postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those who holds an academic law degree, a professional law degree, or a bachelor's degree in a related field. In some jurisdictions "Master of Laws" is a professional basic degree for entry into legal practice.
Video Master of Laws
Background legal education in common law countries
To become a lawyer and practice law in most states and states, a person must first obtain a law degree. While in most countries of common law, Bachelor of Laws (or LL.B.) is required, the US and Canada generally require a professional doctorate, or Juris Doctor, to practice law.
The Juris Doctor (J.D.) is a professional doctorate and first professional undergraduate degree in law. This degree is obtained by completing law schools in the United States, Canada, Australia, and other common law countries. Many holding Juris Doctor degrees are professionals committed to legal practice, and may choose to focus their practice on criminal law, errors, family law, corporate law, or other fields.
The majority of individuals holding J.D. must pass the test in order to obtain a license to practice the law within their respective jurisdictions.
If one wishes to gain specialist knowledge through research in a particular field of law, he may continue his studies after LL.B or J.D. in LL.M. program. The word legum is the genitive plural form of the Latin word lex and means "from the law". When used in plural form, it denotes a particular legal entity, as opposed to the general collective concept contained in the word jus , from which the words "juris" and "justice" are derived. LL.M. sometimes incorrectly written L.L.M., but as with all the Latin plural abbreviations, one duplicates the first letter to indicate that its abbreviation is plural.
The highest research degree in law is S.J.D. (or JSD, depending on the institution), and that is equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy in Law (PhD or DPhil depending on the law school in England) or Doctorat en droit (in France), but not fully equivalent to Doctor der Rechtswissenschaften (Dr. iur.) in Germany (because Germany has two doctoral theses, the second is Habilitation). There are also various doctoral degrees, such as D.C.L. (Doctor of Civil Law) awarded by McGill University in Canada. Most schools require LL.M. before entering the SJD or PhD in a law degree program. Like a PhD, an SJD degree generally requires a dissertation assessed (often by two grade children), verbally defended (by an exam known as Viva Voce) and then often published as a book or series of articles.
The Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree in the United States is usually an honors degree.
Maps Master of Laws
International situation
Historically, LL.M. degree is a special element for the educational system of English-speaking countries, which is based on the difference between a Bachelor's and a Master's degree. Over the past few years, however, LL.M. Special programs have been introduced in many European countries, even where the Bologna process has not been fully implemented.
Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Cyprus, Italy, and Switzerland require a Master with an additional two to five years to become a lawyer.
In 2014, Spain needs a master's degree in addition to a 4-year degree to become a lawyer.
In Finland, LL.M. is a standard postgraduate degree required to practice law. No other qualifications are required.
In order to be allowed to practice law in the Netherlands, a person needs LL.M. degree with a specific course (set) in the law of litigation. The Dutch Order of Lawyers (NOVA) requires these courses for any potential lawyer candidate who wishes to be paroleed in the district court for three years. Upon receiving all the diplomas specified by the NOVA and under the supervision of the "master", a lawyer is entitled to have his own practice and without written written notice in court for life but he must continue to update his/her knowledge.
Type LL.M. degrees
There are various LL.M. programs are available worldwide, allowing students to focus on almost all areas of the law. Most universities offer only a small number of LL.M. program. One of LL.M. Most popular titles in the United States are tax laws, sometimes referred to as MLT (Master of Laws in Taxation).
LL.M. degree programs including bankruptcy law, banking law, commercial law, criminal law, dispute settlement, entertainment and media law, environmental law, housing planning (usually as a sub-specialization of tax law), financial services law, human rights law, , insurance law, intellectual property law, international law, law and economics, litigation, maritime law, military law, patent law, prosecutorial science, real estate law, social care law, telecommunications law, trade law, Trial Advocacy. Some law schools allow LL.M. students to freely design their own courses from many top-level courses and school seminars, including commercial and corporate, international, constitutional and human rights law.
In Europe, LL.M. program in European law has recently been very popular, often referred to as LL.M. Eur (Master of European Law). In the Netherlands and its former colonies, the title used is Meester in de Rechten (Mr.)
Multiple LL.M. program, especially in the United States, and also in China, the focus on the teaching of foreign lawyers basic principles of the host country law ("law of comparison" degree).
In addition, some programs are conducted in more than one language, giving students the opportunity to do classes in different languages.
Requirements
LL.M. programs are usually only open to students who have already obtained a degree in law. There are exceptions to this but a bachelor's degree or extensive experience in a related field is still required. LL.M. courses typically last one year and vary in their graduation requirements. Most programs require students to write a thesis. Some courses are research-oriented with little class time (similar to M.Phil.), While others require students to take a number of classes (similar to a taught degree or M.Sc.).
LL.M. degrees are often obtained by students who wish to develop a more concentrated expertise in a particular field of law. Pursuing LL.M. Degree can also enable law students to build professional networks. Some associations provide LL.M. degree holders with structures designed to strengthen their connections among peers and to access competitive business environments, such as an MBA degree.
Australia
In Australia, LL.M. generally only open to law graduates. However, some universities allow non-legal graduates to take the title variant.
Disadvantages of the program/postgraduate article place have resulted in several LL.B. graduates proceed directly to LL.M. courses before seeking graduate employment.
LL.M. unique variation there, like the Master of Legal Practice (MLP) available at the Australian National University, where students who have completed the Graduate Diploma of Legal Practice (which must be obtained by law graduates before they can be accepted as lawyers/lawyers) Master qualification. Another variant of LL.M. more like LL.M. available on the broader Commonwealth but with different titles, such as the Master of Commercial Law, or Master of Human Rights Law. These courses are usually more specialized than standard LL.M.
Canada
In Canada, LL.M. generally only open to law graduates holding LL.B., B.C.L., or J.D. as the first degree. Students may choose to take research based on LL.M. degree or course subject to LL.M. level. Research based on LL.M. degree is a one or two year program that requires students to write a thesis that contributes significantly to their field of research. Course-based LL.M. degree does not require significant research papers. LL.M. can be studied part-time, and in some schools, through distance learning. LL.M. degree can be general, or students may choose to pursue specialized research fields.
Canadian law graduates pursue LL.M. degrees because they want to pursue careers in the academic world or because they want to deepen their knowledge in a particular field of law. Canadian law graduates in most Canadian provinces must complete internships with law firms (known as "articling") and professional legal training courses, and pass professional exams to be summoned to bars in the province.
Trained foreign lawyers wishing to train in Canada should first have the education and experience assessed by the Federation of Legal Societies of Canada's National Accreditation Committee. After receiving the accreditation certificate from the National Accreditation Committee, foreign law graduates then have to get articles with law firms, take professional legal training courses, and pass professional exams to be summoned to bars in the province.
LLM The University of British Columbia in Common Law is an example of one of several LLM programs that help prepare students for professional exams.
China (Mainland)
LL.M. available at the University of Political Science and Chinese Law, and entry requirements are: native English speakers, or near native English, with a bachelor's degree. The course is flexible and allows students to learn Mandarin and help by organizing work experience in Beijing and other cities in China. It usually takes two years, but can be completed in one and a half years if the student takes the required credit on time.
The preeminent Chinese-EU Law School (CESL) in Beijing is the Double Master Program including Master of Chinese Law and Master of European and International Law (with a special focus on Chinese Law). The Master of European and International Law is taught in English, is open to international students and can be studied as a single master program.
Beijing Foreign Studies University has launched an online LLM for international professionals. This course is taken for two years, with the first online lesson covered via video and assignment, the second year is for dissertation and online defense is required at the end. Students are required to attend Beijing for an introductory week in September to register and meet students and staff. Students also have the opportunity to take work experience at a top five law firm in China.
French
In France, the LLM is in English. International Business Law LL.M.in is available at PanthÃÆ' Â © on-Assas University (Paris), the oldest law school in France.
Entry requirements are:
excellent level of English, with a Master's degree in Law (or equivalent)
or
An alternative diploma and four-year professional experience.
The course is flexible and allows students to learn French.
German
In Germany, LL.M. seen as an advanced legal qualification of additional characters. Thus, the Master of Laws program is generally open not only to law graduates, but also to graduates of related subjects or those who show a genuine interest in and links to LL.M. the program in question. Some graduates choose to do LL.M. directly following them "Erstes Juristisches Staatsexamen" ("first state examination" is the first stage of formal German legal training and completion of a German law degree), alternative undergraduate courses, or their "Zweites Juristisches Staatsexamen" (ie, the second and final stage of the training the official German law, which follows a graduate called "Volljuristen" which then has access to practice in various branches of the legal profession). On the other hand, many professionals are now taking a career break to study for LL.M., especially for increasingly important subjects or those with ever-changing dynamics, such as European law, economic law or media law for example.
Hong Kong
LL.M. degree programs offered by law faculty of The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Open University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and City University of Hong Kong. LL.B. degree is usually required for admission, but for some specialized courses, such as LL.M. in the Human Rights program offered by HKU, requires a bachelor's degree in law or a related discipline.
India
In India, the legal education pressure exists on a law degree with most of them opting for a law degree either advanced to enroll with the Indian Bar Board and begin practicing as an Advocate or providing legal advice without qualifying to appear in court (a consequence of non -registration). Similar to the UK, a master's degree in Law in India basically chooses to specialize in a particular field of law. Traditionally the most popular areas of specialization in a master's degree in law in India are constitutional law, family law and tax law.
However, with the establishment of a special autonomous law school in India in 1987 (the first being the National Law School of the University of India) much emphasis is given at the level of law master's education in India. With the establishment of these universities, the focus in specialization has been transferred to more recent areas such as corporate law, intellectual property law, international trade law, etc. The Master of Law degree in India is at the beginning of 2 years but currently only 1 year.
ireland
A number of universities and colleges in Ireland offer LL.M. The Master of Laws programs, such as Dublin City University, Trinity College Dublin, University College Cork who have an LL.M. The E-Law program, National University of Ireland, Galway (NUIG) offers LL.M in Public Law, National University of Ireland, Maynooth (NUIM), which offers LLM and LLM programs in International Business Law (this is a double degree with the Catholic University of Lyon ) and Griffith College in Dublin and Cork offering LL.M. program in International Law, Commercial and Human Rights. Hibernia College offers LL.M. in International Business Law is validated by Birmingham City University.
Italy
Italy offers master programs in Italian and English, depending on the school. They are often called "laurea specialistica", that is, the second step of the Bologna plan (European curriculum), and in this case they lasted two years. For example, the University of Milan offers a 2-year LLM for Sustainable Development. In the program Alto Adige is also taught in German, as in Bolzano.
In Italy the term "master" often refers to vocational teachers, 6 or 12 months, in certain areas, such as "law and internet security", or "administrative law law", often taught part-time to enable professionals already working in the field to improve their skills.
Mauritius
The LLM in International Business Law from PanthÃÆ'Ã © on-Assas University is also available in Mauritius on the Medine Village campus.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, [[University of Punjab | University of Punjab], Karachi University, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University, International Islamic University, Islamabad, S.M. Law College, Karachi, Government College University, Faisalabad, University of Sargodha is LL.M. degree institution. At Punjab University, the procedure of obtaining LL.M. degree is very difficult. The duration is two years plus a mandatory thesis on the proposed topic. A student must obtain a 60% mark in order to qualify for LL.M.degree. That is the reason only 136 students have been awarded LL.M. degree from Punjab University since 1981 when LL.M. degree program begins.
Portugal
The Master of Laws program offered in Portugal varies greatly but has not, for the most part, adopted the LL.M. appointment, more commonly called Mestrado em Direito (Master's Degree in Law), as it is in the Faculty Law of the University of Coimbra and the University of Lusiana Porto. Although classic Mestrado em Direito takes two years to complete and involves a scientific dissertation, there are several shorter variants. Some of the Mestrados with international themes have specifically adopted the designation of LL.M: LL.M in European and Transglobal Business Law at the School of Law from Minho University and LL.M. Laws in the European and Global Context and LL.M. Continued in International Business Law, both at CatÃÆ'³lica Global School of Law, in Lisbon.
Singapore
In Singapore, LLM is in English. LLM in International Business Law from PanthÃÆ'Â on-Assas University is also available in Singapore on the Insead campus.
South Africa
In South Africa, LL.M. is a postgraduate degree offered both as a based course, and as a Research-based Master. In previous cases, the degree consists of advanced courses in a particular field of law as well as (limited) related research, usually in the form of a "short dissertation", while in the latter, a thesis entirely ("dissertation") based. The first type, usually, consists of practice-oriented "training," while the second type is theory-oriented, often preparing students for admission to LL.D. or Ph.D. program; see Doctor Law # South Africa. The Master's research basically reflects the ability to conduct independent research, whereas the Doctor's thesis is, in addition, the original contribution in the field of study. Registration is generally limited to LL.B. graduates, although other legal title holders, such as BProc, may apply if accepted as an attorney and/or by completing LL.B. courses.
United Kingdom
In England, LL.M. programs open to those who hold recognized legal qualifications, generally a bachelor's degree in Law or CPE. They do not have to or want to be legal practitioners. LL.M. is not a sufficient qualification to practice as an attorney or lawyer, as this requires the completion of the Law Practice Course, the Professional Bar Training Course, or, if in Scotland, the Diploma in Legal Practice but is an opportunity to gain special knowledge about a particular jurisdiction or understanding of the system laws of other countries. Like any other degree, the LL.M. can be studied on a part-time basis in many institutions and in some circumstances by distance learning.
Most institutions allow those without a law degree to LL.M. program although there are still minimum education requirements, such as a bachelor's degree, or evidence of substantial professional experience in the related field. Examples of such programs include the Master of Studies in Legal Research at Oxford, LL.M. degrees at the University of Edinburgh and LL.M.s at Leicester University In addition, Queen's University offers LL.M. suite, accessible to law and social science graduates, leading to specialization in sustainable development, corporate governance, devolution or human rights. Northumbria University offers an innovative approach to LL.M. qualification for students starting a master's program as a student. Students complete this four-year degree program with LL.M. combined and qualified Legal Practice Courses or BPTC.
The LL.M course therefore can sometimes be an option comparable to an MBA or accounting degree, acting as an additional discipline devoted to career enhancement. So, for example, an engineer who works extensively with things like intellectual property (patents, etc.) Can seek knowledge and broader recognition by pursuing LL.M.
Oxbridge
The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge have taken a slightly different approach to other UK universities for postgraduate law studies, as they do in other fields.
The University of Cambridge has a law-taught postgraduate program, which previously conferred LL.B. on successful candidates (students who studied law at Cambridge received B.A.). In 1982, LL.B. for postgraduates replaced with LL.M. to avoid confusion with a bachelor's degree at another university. In addition, in 2012 the University of Cambridge introduced M.C.L. (Masters of Corporate Law) aimed at graduate students with an interest in corporate law.
The University of Oxford unconvently mentions its teachers who master the law of B.C.L. (Bachelor of Civil Law) and M. Jur. (Magister Juris), and his research specialists either MPhil (Master of Philosophy) or MSt (Master of Studies). Oxford continues to mention his first major graduate law degree, B.C.L. for very historic reasons, such as B.C.L. is one of the oldest (and therefore in Oxford's most senior level hierarchy), which has been conferred since the sixteenth century. M.Jur. introduced in 1991. Currently there is no LL.M. degree awarded by the University. Oxford claims that B.C.L. is "the most respected master's level qualification taught in the world of common law". Additionally in 2010 the University of Oxford introduced the Master of Science (MSc) in Law and Finance (MLF). This degree is taught jointly by SaÃÆ'¯d School of Law and Business School. The MLF program involves a combination of financial and economics courses combined with BCL law programs.
United States
In the United States, the acquisition of LL.M. degree is often a way to specialize in law such as tax law, business law, international business law, health law, experiment advocacy, environmental law or intellectual property. A number of schools have incorporated J.D.-LL.M. programs, while others offer degrees through online studies. Multiple LL.M. the program features a general study of American law.
Program for foreign law graduates
LL.M. a degree from an ABA-approved law school also allows foreign lawyers to become eligible to apply for admission to a bar (license to practice) in certain countries. Each country has different rules regarding the recognition of educated foreign lawyers for state bar associations.
LL.M. a degree from an ABA-approved law school meets the qualifications of foreign law graduates to take a bar exam in Alabama, California, New Hampshire, New York, Texas, as well as in the independent republic of Palau.
In addition, legal practice in home jurisdictions plus a number of specific courses in accredited law schools qualifies foreign law graduates to take the bar exam in Alaska, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah and West Virginia. However, a number of countries, including Arizona, Florida, Georgia, New Jersey and North Carolina only recognize JD degrees from accredited law school as qualifying for taking the bar.
New York allows foreign lawyers from civil law countries to take the New York exam exam after they complete a minimum of 24 credit hours (normally but not necessarily in the LL.M. program) at an ABA-approved law school that involves at least two basic subjects tested on the New York exam. However, starting for those who take the exam in July 2013, applicants will be required to complete 24 credits of law school subjects, including 12 credits in a particular legal field. Lawyers from common law countries face more restrictive restrictions and may not need to study in ABA-approved law schools. Foreign lawyers from both civil law and general law jurisdiction, however, are required to demonstrate that they have successfully completed a law study program at least three years that will meet the educational requirements to prohibit acceptance in their home country.
International and International Law LL.M. program
In 2008, there was one LL.M. degree in International Law offered by Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, the oldest school in international relations in the United States. Given that the degree specializes in international law, and does not teach a first degree in US law (J.D. title), the program does not seek ABA accreditation.
The Notre Dame Law School at the University of Notre Dame offers LL.M in International Human Rights Law for JD graduates from ABA-accredited American schools or LL.B or equivalent from accredited non-US schools.
Both Duke University Law School and Cornell Law School offer JD students the opportunity to simultaneously pursue LL.M. in International and Comparative Law.
University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Law provides LL.M. in Outer Space, Cyber ​​& amp; The Telecommunications Law, the only program that provides focused study in these three areas. The program was established using grants from NASA and a partnership with the US Air Force Strategic Command.
St. Mary's University offers LL.M. in International and Comparative Laws, with students having the option of finishing both and J.D. simultaneously.
The University of Tulsa College of Law offers an LL.M. in Indian States and Indigenous Peoples Laws for JD graduates from ABA-accredited American schools or LL.B or equivalent from accredited non-US schools.
There is an institution that offers the ABA-approved LL.M, which does not offer a first degree in law (JD degree): The US Army's Law and Legal Center General Law Center offers graduate officers, special courses beyond the first degree in law, leading to LL.M. in military law, with concentrations in the Administration and Civil Law, Government Contracts and Fiscal Law, Criminal Law, and Operational and International Law.
The University of Law (UK) stops offering online LL.M in International Legal Practice to new students enrolling after July 2015. It currently offers two online LL.M courses in Legal Practice (Conflict Resolution) and Legal Practice (Intellectual Property).
See also
- Magister Juris
- Master of Studies in Law
- Master of Laws Program List
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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